The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies

A typical line drawing from Danser's monograph, showing three herbarium specimens of the natural hybrid Nepenthes × hookeriana. The plant material illustrated includes a lower pitcher, an upper pitcher, a female inflorescence, an infructescence, and a portion of the stem. This figure was produced by Amir Hamzah, a draughtsman of the Buitenzorg Herbarium, under the direction of B. H. Danser.[1]

"The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions.[1] It was originally published in the Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg in 1928,[1] and reprinted by Natural History Publications (Borneo) in 2006.[2]

Content

Danser focused on species native to the Dutch East Indies, North Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and eastern New Guinea (an area roughly corresponding to Malesia minus the Philippines); species from outlying areas were only mentioned in the general discussion.[1][note a]

Danser recognised 65 species in total, of which 52 were given detailed treatments.[note a] This number included 17 newly described taxa: N. carunculata (later synonymised with N. bongso),[3][4] N. clipeata, N. dubia, N. ephippiata, N. fusca, N. inermis, N. insignis, N. leptochila (later synonymised with N. hirsuta),[4][5] N. mollis, N. paniculata, N. papuana, N. pectinata (later synonymised with N. gymnamphora),[3][4] N. petiolata, N. pilosa, N. spectabilis, N. tobaica, and N. tomoriana. All were described in great detail, with many accompanied by line drawings. Danser synonymised N. edwardsiana with N. villosa, N. hemsleyana with N. rafflesiana, and N. ramispina with N. gracillima;[1][6] all three were later reinstated as valid species.[4][7]

Following this exhaustive revision of the genus, Danser described only two more Nepenthes species: Nepenthes spathulata in 1935[8] and Nepenthes densiflora in 1940,[9] with both descriptions also published in the Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.

Species

Danser recognised the following 65 taxa as valid species (though some, such as N. oblanceolata, only tentatively so).[1] The 13 taxa denoted with an asterisk (*) fall outside the monograph's geographical focus and are only mentioned in its general discussion.[note a]

  1. N. alata
  2. N. albomarginata
  3. N. ampullaria
  4. N. anamensis *
  5. N. bicalcarata
  6. N. bongso
  7. N. boschiana
  8. N. burbidgeae
  9. N. burkei *
  10. N. carunculata
  11. N. clipeata
  12. N. deaniana *
  13. N. decurrens
  14. N. distillatoria *
  15. N. dubia
  16. N. ephippiata
  17. N. fusca
  18. N. geoffrayi *
  19. N. gracilis
  20. N. gracillima
  21. N. gymnamphora
  22. N. hirsuta
  23. N. hookeriana
  24. N. inermis
  25. N. insignis
  26. N. kampotiana *
  27. N. khasiana *
  28. N. klossii
  29. N. leptochila
  30. N. lowii
  31. N. macfarlanei
  32. N. madagascariensis *
  33. N. maxima
  34. N. merrilliana
  35. N. mirabilis
  36. N. mollis
  37. N. neglecta
  38. N. neoguineensis
  39. N. northiana
  40. N. oblanceolata
  41. N. paniculata
  42. N. papuana
  43. N. pectinata
  44. N. pervillei *
  45. N. petiolata[note a]
  46. N. philippinensis *
  47. N. pilosa
  48. N. rafflesiana
  49. N. rajah
  50. N. reinwardtiana
  51. N. sanguinea
  52. N. singalana
  53. N. spectabilis
  54. N. stenophylla
  55. N. tentaculata
  56. N. thorelii *
  57. N. tobaica
  58. N. tomoriana
  59. N. treubiana
  60. N. trichocarpa
  61. N. truncata *
  62. N. veitchii
  63. N. ventricosa *
  64. N. vieillardii
  65. N. villosa

Infrageneric classification

See also: Taxonomy of Nepenthes

Danser divided the genus Nepenthes into six clades based on observations of herbarium material. The clades were the Vulgatae, Montanae, Nobiles, Regiae, Insignes, and Urceolatae. Danser's classification was undoubtedly a great improvement on previous attempts, and forms the basis for more recent monographs, such as those of Charles Clarke (Nepenthes of Borneo and Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia) and Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek ("A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" and "Nepenthaceae"). Charles Clarke writes that Danser's monograph "remains the definitive taxonomic work on Nepenthes"[3] and explains its importance as follows:[5]

The discoveries of the early 20th century were brought together by Danser and neatly integrated to shed light on many of the unsolved problems of Macfarlane's monograph. Although he did not collect the material he used, Danser seemed to have gained a good understanding of the genus, which extended beyond classical taxonomy. He speculated about the relationships between certain species on the basis of their evolution and ecology as much as their structural characteristics–something that nobody had done previously.

Reprint

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies
Cover showing painting of N. lowii
by Sia Yek Chung[2]
AuthorB. H. Danser (introduction by Charles Clarke)
LanguageEnglish
PublisherNatural History Publications (Borneo)
Publication date
April 2006
Media typePrint (hardcover)
Pagesvi + 206
ISBN983-812-115-0
OCLC78887282

Danser's monograph was reprinted by Natural History Publications (Borneo) in April 2006 with a 15-page introduction by ecologist and botanist Charles Clarke.[10]

Reviews

The 2006 reprint was reviewed by Barry Rice in the September 2007 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter:[11]

Having a high quality copy of the work is very desirable so you can easily cross reference its contents with subsequent Nepenthes monographs. The line drawings are far more nicely presented than can be obtained from photocopied or web versions.

To add further delight to the pleasure, the famous Nepenthes expert Dr. Charles Clarke helps lead this voyage of adventure on the high seas of Nepenthes history, by prefacing the work with a fifteen page discussion of Danser—both the man and the eponymous work. With Clarke as your Admiral at the helm, Danser is more approachable than ever before.

Rice pointed out the "[u]nfortunate omissions" of Danser's 1935 and 1940 papers, but concluded by saying that "the new version of Danser (1928) is still a valuable addition to our ever-enlarging collections of carnivorous plant books".[11]

Illustrations

Notes

a.^ Danser's monograph includes a formal description of N. petiolata, but as a Philippine endemic this plant is excluded from the official species count, which comes to 51.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  2. ^ a b Danser, B.H. 2006. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  3. ^ a b c Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  4. ^ a b c d McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  5. ^ a b Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  6. ^ Kurata, S. 2002. "Revision trial in recent enumeration of Nepenthes species" (PDF). Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference: 111–116.
  7. ^ Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
  8. ^ Danser, B.H. 1935. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 13: 465–469.
  9. ^ Danser, B.H. 1940. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271.
  10. ^ Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
  11. ^ a b Rice, B. 2007. Book Review. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(3): 71.