Tāwharanui Peninsula

Tāwharanui Peninsula
Peninsula
Tāwharanui Regional Park at low tide
Tāwharanui Regional Park at low tide
New Zealand North Island relief map
New Zealand North Island relief map
Tāwharanui Peninsula
Coordinates: 36°22′S 174°48′E / 36.37°S 174.80°E / -36.37; 174.80
LocationAuckland, New Zealand
Offshore water bodiesHauraki Gulf
Area
 • Total46.67 square kilometres (18.02 sq mi)
Tāwharanui Regional Park, Anchor Bay beach view at high tide

Tāwharanui Peninsula is a finger of land projecting into the Hauraki Gulf from the east coast of the much larger North Auckland Peninsula of New Zealand. It separates Ōmaha Bay to the north from Kawau Bay and Kawau Island to the south. The nearest sizable town is Warkworth.

Tāwharanui Regional Park covers 588 hectares of the peninsula's land and Tāwharanui Marine Reserve covers the northern coastal sea. Both are administered by Auckland Council[1] which also owns the regional park.

Geologically the peninsula consists of Waitemata Sandstone on top of folded and uplifted greywacke.[2]

Tāwharanui Marine Park was established offshore of the peninsula in 1981 as New Zealand's first Marine Protected Area.[2] The marine park was replaced by Tāwharanui Marine Reserve in September 2011.[3]

North Island brown kiwi was reintroduced into the area.[4]

History

Māori lived in the area for over 800 years. The Māori name Tāwhara-nui refers to "the abundant bracts of the kiekie vine".[5] Until the 1870s, the park was occupied by a small hapū (sub-tribe) of the Te Kawerau people called Ngati Raupo. The people lived mainly around the catchment of the Mangatawhiri Stream. A significant pā, Oponui, was near the entrance to the park and above the stream outlet was Pa-hi (meaning "lofty fortified settlement"). Tāwharanui provided a large variety of marine and forest resources. This was celebrated in the saying, "He wha tāwhara ki uta; he kiko tamure ki tai" – "The flowering bracts of the kiekie on the land, the flesh of the snapper in the sea". Waikokowai (Anchor Bay) provided a valued source of kokowai or red ochre, which was used for decorative and ceremonial purposes.

Tāwharanui was sold by the Māori owners in 1873–1877 and developed as a farm by the Martin, Jones and Young families. Kauri timber was milled and manuka cut for firewood for many years. Shingle was extracted for a hundred years, creating the Jones Bay Lagoon. Nine vessels were wrecked on the Tāwharanui coastline between 1871 and 1978.[2] Anchor Bay is named after the anchor of the Phoenix, wrecked in 1879.[6] The Auckland Regional Authority, forerunner of the Auckland Council, purchased the parkland from the Georgetti family in 1973.

Demographics

Tawharanui Peninsula statistical area covers the area east of Matakana and Sandspit, including Ōmaha, Point Wells, Baddeleys Beach-Campbells Beach and Buckleton Beach. It covers 46.70 km2 (18.03 sq mi)[7] and had an estimated population of 2,160 as of June 2024,[8] with a population density of 46 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20061,365—    
20131,620+2.48%
20181,962+3.91%
20232,187+2.20%
Source: [9][10]

Tawharanui Peninsula had a population of 2,187 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 225 people (11.5%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 567 people (35.0%) since the 2013 census. There were 1,059 males and 1,128 females in 894 dwellings.[11] 1.4% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 55.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 333 people (15.2%) aged under 15 years, 195 (8.9%) aged 15 to 29, 930 (42.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 729 (33.3%) aged 65 or older.[10]

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 96.4% European (Pākehā); 7.7% Māori; 2.1% Pasifika; 2.2% Asian; 0.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.4% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 98.2%, Māori language by 0.8%, Samoan by 0.3%, and other languages by 8.0%. No language could be spoken by 1.2% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.1%. The percentage of people born overseas was 18.9, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 29.9% Christian, 0.1% Buddhist, 0.3% New Age, 0.1% Jewish, and 1.1% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 62.0%, and 6.4% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 417 (22.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 1,032 (55.7%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 273 (14.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $42,400, compared with $41,500 nationally. 348 people (18.8%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 687 (37.1%) people were employed full-time, 378 (20.4%) were part-time, and 18 (1.0%) were unemployed.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Tāwharanui Marine Reserve, Department of Conservation.
  2. ^ a b c Cameron, Ewen; Bruce Hayward; Graeme Murdoch (1997). A field guide to Auckland. Auckland: Random House New Zealand. pp. 108–109. ISBN 1-86962-014-3.
  3. ^ "Tāwharanui Marine Reserve opened". Beehive.govt.nz. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  4. ^ Leigh By the Sea – Wildlife
  5. ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
  6. ^ Tāwharanui Regional Park. Auckland Regional Council.
  7. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  9. ^ "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Tawharanui Peninsula (111500). 2018 Census place summary: Tawharanui Peninsula
  10. ^ a b c "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Tawharanui Peninsula (111500). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 3 October 2024.