Sunni Revival

The Sunni Revival was a period in Islamic history marked by the revival of the political fortunes of Sunni Islam, a renewed interest in Sunni law and theology and the spread of new styles in art and architecture. Conventionally, the revival lasted from 1055 until 1258.^[1]

Richard Bulliet has proposed that the term "recentering" better describes the period than "revival" or "renaissance".^[2] The period is characterized as much by developments within Sunnism as by Sunni relations with Shia Islam. In particular, it was a period of homogenization of Sunnism as scholars and leaders strove for ijmāʿ (consensus).^[2] Eric Chaney has argued that the Sunni Revival led to the decline of scientific output in the Islamic world.^[3]

Timing

The Sunni Revival followed a period of Shia ascendancy, sometimes called the "Shia Century", under the Fatimid dynasty in Africa, Palestine and parts of Arabia; the Hamdanid dynasty in Syria; and the Buyid dynasty in Iraq and Iran. During this period, Shia polities controlled most of the Islamic world, including its core areas. The Abbasid Caliph, the supreme Sunni leader, was under the control of the Buyids, who governed Baghdad, while the Sharif of Mecca was under the authority of the Fatimids.^[4]

The religious revival began under the Abbasid caliph al-Qadir (r. 991–1031). Although subject to the Buyids and politically powerless, he managed to steer an increasingly independent course in religious issues. Backed by the Hanbali traditionalists, al-Qadir transformed the caliphate into the champion of Sunnism, condemning Shia and rationalist (Mu'tazilite) beliefs with which previous Abbasid caliphs had partially sympathized. The so-called "Qadiri Creed", formulated in 1018, was the first articulation of Sunni beliefs in their own right, rather than defined in opposition to the Shia.^[5]^[6]

The Sunni Revival became a political movement when the Sunni Seljuk Turks conquered Baghdad from the Buyids in 1055, saving Caliph al-Qa'im from being overthrown by the Shia.^[5] The period of Seljuk domination lasted roughly a century, until about 1150. They were definitively ousted from Baghdad in 1157. Thereafter a period of Abbasid resurgence and ecumenism followed until the Mongols sacked Baghdad in 1258.^[7]

Spread

The chief architect of the political and legal Sunni revival was Nizam al-Mulk (d. 1092), vizier of the Seljuk Empire. He founded the school which took his name, the Nizamiyya of Baghdad. The chief architect of the theological revival, al-Ghazali (d. 1111), taught at Nizam's school in Baghdad. This was not the first madrasa, but it was by far the most influential and nizamiyya fashioned after that in Baghdad were founded wherever the Sunni revival spread. They were a major factor in the homogenization of Sunnism during the revival.^[8]

The figure most associated with the Sunni Revival in Syria is Nur ad-Din (d. 1174), who built twenty madrasas in Damascus. In 1171, Saladin, originally a general of Nur ad-Din, abolished the Fatimid Caliphate and brought Egypt into the Sunni fold. His Ayyubid dynasty vigorously strengthened Sunnism in Syria, Palestine and Egypt.^[8]

References

^ Marks 2010, p. 168.
^ ^a ^b Berkey 2003, p. 189.
^ Chaney 2016.
^ Tabbaa 2011, pp. 13–14.
^ ^a ^b Griffel 2006, p. 782.
^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 239–240.
^ Tabbaa 2017, p. 308.
^ ^a ^b Azzam 2016.

Works cited

Azzam, Abdel Rahman (2016). "Sources of the Sunni Revival: Nizam u-Mulk and the Nizamiyya: An 11th-Century Response to Sectarianism". The Muslim World. 106 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1111/muwo.12126.
Berkey, Jonathan P. (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge University Press.
Chaney, Eric (2016). Religion and the Rise and Fall of Islamic Science (PDF) (Dissertation chapter). Harvard University.
Griffel, Frank (2006). "Sunni Revival". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 782–783. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0.
Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
Marks, Laura U. (2010). Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art. MIT Press.
Tabbaa, Yasser (2011). The Transformation of Islamic Art during the Sunni Revival. University of Washington Press.
Tabbaa, Yasser (2017). "The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate". In Finbarr Barry Flood; Gülru Necipoğlu (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, Vol. 1: From the Prophet to the Mongols. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 307–326.