Sunjo of Joseon

Korean name
Hangul	순종, later 순조
Hanja	純宗, later 純祖
Revised Romanization	Sunjong, later Sunjo
McCune–Reischauer	Sunjong, later Sunjo
Birth name
Hangul	이공
Hanja	李玜
Revised Romanization	I Gong
McCune–Reischauer	Yi Kong

Names
	Yi Gong (이공; 李玜)
Posthumous name
	Joseon: King Munan Mujeong Yeonggyeong Seonghyo the Great (문안무정영경성효대왕; 文安武靖英敬成孝大王); Korean Empire: Emperor Munan Mujeong Yeonggyeong Seonghyo Suk (문안무정영경성효숙황제; 文安武靖英敬成孝肅皇帝);
Temple name
	Sunjong (순종; 純宗) → Sunjo (순조; 純祖)

Sunjo of Joseon
조선 순조
朝鮮純祖
Sunjo of Joseon; 조선 순조; 朝鮮純祖
	Heavily damaged portrait of King Sunjo
King of Joseon
Reign	August 1800 – 13 December 1834
Predecessor	Jeongjo
Successor	Heonjong
Regent	Crown Prince Yi Yeong (1827–1830)
Born	29 July 1790; Jibokheon Hall, Changgyeong Palace, Hanseong, Joseon
Died	13 December 1834 (aged 44); Hoesangjeon Hall, Gyeonghui Palace, Hanseong, Joseon
Burial	Illeung Mausoleum, Heonilleung, Seoul, South Korea
Spouse(s)	Queen Sunwon (m. 1802)
Issue; among others...	Crown Prince Hyomyeong; Cheoljong of Joseon (adopted);
Names
Names
	Yi Gong (이공; 李玜)
Posthumous name
	Joseon: King Munan Mujeong Yeonggyeong Seonghyo the Great (문안무정영경성효대왕; 文安武靖英敬成孝大王); Korean Empire: Emperor Munan Mujeong Yeonggyeong Seonghyo Suk (문안무정영경성효숙황제; 文安武靖英敬成孝肅皇帝);
Temple name
	Sunjong (순종; 純宗) → Sunjo (순조; 純祖)
Clan	Jeonju Yi
Dynasty	Yi
Father	Jeongjo of Joseon
Mother	Royal Noble Consort Su
Religion	Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)
Signature

Sunjo (Korean: 순조; Hanja: 純祖; 29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834), personal name Yi Gong (이공; 李玜), was the 23rd monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Jeongjo by his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan.

Biography

He was born with the title of His Royal Highness Prince Yi Gong on 29 July 1790 (18 June 1790 in lunar calendar). Upon the death of his father, King Jeongjo, Yi Gong ascended to the throne at age 10 on 4 July 1800, lunar calendar.

In 1802, aged 13, King Sunjo married Lady Kim, known posthumously as Queen Sunwon, daughter of Kim Jo-sun, who was a leader of the Andong Kim clan.

Since he ascended the throne at a young age, Queen Dowager Jeongsun, the second queen of King Yeongjo, ruled as queen regent, which allowed her to wield power over state affairs. Queen Jeongsun's influence was to such extent that during Sunjo's reign, the status of Lady Hyegyeong, the mother of Jeongjo and the grandmother of Sunjo, became a point of contention. During Jeonjo's reign, Lady Hyegyeong was treated with respect and as the mother of King Jeongjo despite the fact that Lady Hyegyeong was married to Crown Prince Sado who had been forced to commit suicide during the reign of Yeongjo, which had greatly affected Hyegyeong's status due to the controversy surrounding Sado's suicide. Following Sunjo's ascension, her status was lowered and despite Sunjo's efforts to reverse this later in his reign, they were unsuccessful.^[2]

Despite King Sunjo's efforts to reform politics, the fundamental principles of government deteriorated. The state examination became disordered and corruption in the government personnel administration prevailed. This resulted in disorder in society and various riots broke out among the people, including the revolt by Hong Gyeong-nae in 1811–1812.^[3] The Ogajaktongbeop (五家作統法), a census registration system to group five houses as one unit, was carried out in this period, and oppression against Catholicism began in earnest.^[4]

In 1811 the last diplomatic envoys were sent by Korea to Japan. Based on records of that trip, a reconstruction of the diplomatic vessel has been made for the National Maritime Museum of Korea.

King Sunjo died after reigning for 35 years in 1834 at the age of 44. He was first buried next to Jangneung, Paju, the tomb of King Injo and Queen Inryeol but later moved to Illeung, Seoul as the Feng Shui at the old site was deemed to be unfavourable.^[5]

Family

Father: King Jeongjo of Joseon (조선의 정조; 28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800)
- Grandfather: King Jangjo of Joseon (조선의 장조; 13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762)
- Grandmother: Queen Heongyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (헌경왕후 홍씨; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816)
Mother: Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan (수빈 박씨; 8 May 1770 – 26 December 1822)
- Grandfather: Park Jun-won (박준원; 1739–1807)
- Grandmother: Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan (원주 원씨; 1740–1783)

Consort(s) and their respective issue

Queen Sunwon of the Andong Kim clan (순원 왕후 안동 김씨; 8 August 1789 – 21 September 1857)
- Yi Yeong, Crown Prince Hyomyeong (이영 효명세자; 18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830), first son
- Princess Myeongon (명온공주; 1810–1832), first daughter
- Princess Bokon (복온공주; 1818–1832), third daughter
- Second son (1820–1820)
- Princess Deokon (덕온공주; 1822–1844), fourth daughter
- Yi Byeon, King Cheoljong of Joseon (조선의 철종 이변; 25 July 1831 – 16 January 1864), adopted son^[a]
Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Miryang Park clan (숙의 박씨; 1791 – 1854)
- Princess Yeongon (영온옹주; 1817–1829), second daughter

Ancestry

Ancestors of Sunjo of Joseon

16. King Sukjong

8. King Yeongjo

17. Royal Noble Consort Sook of the Choi Clan

4. Crown Prince Sado

18. Lee Yoo-beon

9. Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Lee Clan

19. Lady Kim

2. King Jeongjo

20. Hong Hyeon-bo

10. Minister Hong Bong-han

Lady Im of the Pungcheon Im clan

5. Lady Hyegyeong of the Namyang Hong clan

22. Yi Jib

11. Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan

23. Lady Yu of the Gigye Yu clan

1. Yi Gong, King Sunjo

6. Park Jun-won

3. Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan

7. Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan

In popular culture

Portrayed by Kim Seung-soo in the 2016 KBS2 TV series Love in the Moonlight.

Notes

^ Biological son of Grand Internal Prince Jeongye and Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong.

References

^ Bestowed in 1834 and 1857, respectively.
^ Lim, Hye Ryun (September 2015). "The changes of Hyegyonggung`s status at the time of King Yeongjo`s reign to King Sunjo`s one". 조선시대사학회. 74.
^ Seok Hwa, Kang (2022). "A Study on the Progress for the Jungju Castle Battle occurred in 1812 and the Comparison of the Capabilities of the Government Forces with the Rebel Armies". Korea Journal Central. 124. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ "Cultural Heritage, the source for Koreans' Strength and Dream". Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ "Heonilleung Royal Tomb Seoul, Korea". Exploring Korea. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.

Regnal titles
Sunjo of Joseon House of Yi Born: 1790 Died: 1834
Preceded by Jeongjo	King of Joseon 1800–1834 with Queen Jeongsun (1800–1805)	Succeeded by Heonjong