Sheldonian Theatre

Sheldonian Theatre
Sheldonian Theatre
	East façade of the Sheldonian Theatre from Clarendon Quad
Location	Broad Street, Oxford; OX1 3AZ; United Kingdom
Coordinates	51°45′15″N 1°15′18″W / 51.7543°N 1.2550°W
Built	1664–1669
Architect	Christopher Wren
Architectural style(s)	English Baroque
Owner	University of Oxford
Listed Building – Grade I
Official name	The Sheldonian Theatre
Designated	12 January 1954
Reference no.	1047350
	Location of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford

Sheldonian Theatre, located in Oxford, England, was built from 1664 to 1669 after a design by Christopher Wren for the University of Oxford. The building is named after Gilbert Sheldon, Warden of All Souls College and later chancellor of the University. Sheldon was the project's main financial backer. The theatre is used for music concerts, lectures and University ceremonies, but not for drama until 2015 when the Christ Church Dramatic Society staged a production of The Crucible by Arthur Miller.

History

What came to be known as the Sheldonian Theatre was Wren's second work and was commissioned by Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury. With the triumph of the Restoration and with it the Church of England, Dean Fell, Vice-Chancellor of the University, sought to revive a project proposed in the 1630s by the late William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury: a separate building whose sole use would be graduation and degree ceremonies.

In the past these increasingly rowdy occasions had taken place in the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, in the High Street. "The notion that 'sacrifice is made equally to God and Apollo', in the same place where homage was due to God and God alone, was as repugnant to Fell and his colleagues as it had been to Laud";^[1] with this in mind they approached the Archbishop of Canterbury Gilbert Sheldon, for his blessing, his assistance, and a donation.

Sheldon was forthcoming with all three. He initially gave an impressive £1,000 (£193,258 today) and pledged to gather the needed money from like-minded sponsors. He had little luck, however, and ultimately financed nearly the entire £14,470 (£2,796,440 today) himself, in an age where a mid-level craftsman's wage was typically between £2 and £4 per year.

Wren's initial designs for the Sheldonian probably included a proscenium stage that did not survive his revisions. The building that was constructed was a sharp, unmistakable break from the Gothic past. According to Wren's son, Wren designed the Sheldonian based on Serlio's sixteenth-century engraving of the D-shaped Theatre of Marcellus erected in Rome in the first century BC.^[2]

Like any Mediterranean theatre of that time, the Theatre of Marcellus had no roof: the audience relied on a temporary awning for inclement weather. But 17th century Oxford was not ancient Rome, and the Theatre needed a permanent roof. The span of the D-shaped roof was over 70 feet (21 m). However, no timbers existed that were long enough to cross that distance, and Wren dismissed the obvious solution of a Gothic roof. Instead, he decided to use the "geometrical flat floor" grid developed twenty years before by Oxford professor John Wallis.

It involved

... creating a series of trusses which were built up from shorter section[s] and held in place by their own weight, with help from judiciously placed iron bolts and plates ... [S]o effective [was the roof] that for nearly a century the University Press stored its books ... and for many years it was the largest unsupported floor in existence ...^[1]

In 1720, surveyors inspecting the roof, following a rumour that it was no longer safe, were both surprised and impressed at what they discovered.^[3] Though sagging slightly from the massive weight of books, the inspectors pronounced that "... the whole Fabrick of the said Theatre is, in our Opinion, like[ly] to remain and continue in such Repair and Condition, for one hundred or two hundred Years yet to come."^[4]

In November 2008 a four-year project to restore the ceiling fresco was completed. The thirty-two oil on canvas panels originally painted by King Charles II’s court painter, Robert Streater, were removed and conserved. As part of the conservation process, the panels had their linings replaced, holes in the canvas mended, and over-painting removed. The allegorical story depicted in the paintings shows Truth descending upon the Arts and Sciences and expelling ignorance from the University.^[5]

Building

The building has a prominent eight-sided cupola in the centre of the roof, which is accessible via a staircase leading to the dome over the main ceiling. The cupola has large windows on all sides, providing views across central Oxford, and is open to visitors.

The theatre is used for music recitals, lectures (such as the annual Romanes Lecture), conferences, and for various ceremonies held by the University (such as graduation and matriculation). Handel conducted the first performance of his third oratorio Athalia here in 1733.^[6] Today, the theatre is home to regular performances by local groups, including the Oxford Philomusica and Stornoway. The latter was the first pop band to play in the space, joined by the student-led Oxford Millennium Orchestra for its first single launch in 2009, then again to celebrate the launch of its third LP, in 2014.

The building seats between 800 and 1000 people and is on the grounds of part of the Bodleian Library adjacent to Broad Street. To the left at the front is the Clarendon Building and to the right is the Old Ashmolean Building. Behind the Sheldonian is the Divinity School.

The theatre is a Grade I listed building which was first added to the list on the 12th January 1954.^[7]

The theatre features prominently in Max Beerbohm's 1911 novel Zuleika Dobson and was used as stand in for Harvard in the 1980 film Heaven's Gate.

South façade
Interior prior to a matriculation ceremony, 2003
View from the east, behind the Clarendon Building
North façade from Broad Street

References

^ ^a ^b Tinniswood, Adrian, His Invention So Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren (Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 102
^ Geraghty, Anthony (2002). "Wren's Preliminary Design for the Sheldonian Theatre". Architectural History. 45: 275–288. doi:10.2307/1568785. JSTOR 1568785.
^ "The facts and a good story". BBC News. 12 July 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ Wren, Christopher, Jr., Parentalia. p. 337.
^ "Sheldonian Theatre ceiling completed". University of Oxford website. 7 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
^ Smither, Howard E. (1977). A History of the Oratorio, Vol. 2: The Oratorio in the Baroque Era. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807812945.
^ "THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE, Non Civil Parish – 1047350 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2022.