Royal Brunei Air Force

Royal Brunei Air Force
Malay: Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei
Jawi: تنترا اودار دراج بروني
Badge of the Royal Brunei Air Force
Founded1 October 1991
(32 years, 10 months)
(in current form)

24 June 1966
58 years, 1 month)
(as the Air Wing)


CountryBrunei Brunei Darussalam
AllegianceSultan of Brunei
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare, air defence, air policing, search and rescue
Size22 manned aircraft,[1] plus 5 UAVs
Part ofRoyal Brunei Armed Forces
HeadquartersRimba, Brunei-Muara, Brunei
Anniversaries24 June
WebsiteOfficial website
Commanders
CommanderBrig Gen Sharif Ibrahim[2][3]
Deputy commanderCol Haszahaidi Ahmad Daud
Chief of StaffCol Mohammad Albadii Shahnoel[4]
Sergeant majorWO1 Suridi Ibrahim
Notable
commanders
  • Brig Gen Mahmud Saidin
  • Muhammad Saidin (first Bruneian with fighter pilot's licence)
Insignia
Fin flash
Aircraft flown
Multirole helicopterS-70i, Bell 214ST
Trainer helicopterBell 206
ReconnaissanceRQ-21
TrainerPC-7 Mk.II
TransportIPTN CN-235, Airbus C295MW

The Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAirF), natively known as the Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei (TUDB), is the air force of the sultanate of Brunei. It is headquartered and mainly based at the Royal Brunei Air Force Base, Rimba, opposite the Brunei International Airport (BIA).[5] Its role is to defend the national airspace and to provide air policing and surveillance of its land and maritime borders.[6] As of 2024, it operates twenty-two manned aircraft[1] and five unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).

The RBAirF was formed as an independent air force on 1 October 1991. It was originally created in 1965 as the Air Wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment (Askar Melayu Diraja Brunei; AMDB), the forerunner of today's Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF). The Air Wing had operated helicopters (the Bell 205) since 1966.[5] The annual anniversary ceremony of RBAirF's inception was place on 24 June every year.[7][8][9]

History

Brunei helicopter trainees with their Overseas Student Prize trophy at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell, 1975.

The Royal Brunei Air Force was established as the Air Wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment RBMR) in 1965.[10] It was first tasked to fly doctors to rural area with two Sikorsky S-55 aircraft, which was operated by pilots from the Worldwide Helicopter Company. In 1966, the tasks were taken over by three British pilots from the Royal Air Force (RAF) operating three RAF Westland Whirlwind helicopters.[11]

In 1967, the unit was renamed as the Helicopter Platoon, and received five Bell 206 Jet Ranger helicopters. The Air Technical Training School was established in 1980. In 1981, No. 2 Squadron was established and equipped with six Bölkow BO105 helicopters.

No. 3 Squadron was established in 1982 and equipped with SIAI-Marchetti SF260s. On 1 September 1983, the No. 2 Wing was founded at what was previously the Air Defence Battery. When Brunei assumed responsibility for its own defence from the United Kingdom in 1984, the Air Wing was expanded. On 1 October 1991, with the consent of The Sultan, the Air Wing was officially renamed the Royal Brunei Air Force.[11] The Air Defence Battery was transferred to the Royal Brunei Air Force on 24 March 1995, and given the new name Air Defence Squadron.

No. 4 Squadron was established in 1997, and was equipped with the Blackhawk S-70A helicopters. No. 5 Squadron was also established in 1997, and was equipped with a CN-235 fixed-wing aeroplane and the Base Defence Squadron. In the same year, 3 Squadron received the Pilatus PC-7 Mk.II training aircraft. No. 38 Squadron was established in 1999, and is equipped with the Mistral surface-to-air missile, following acquisition of its Mistral System.[11] In the same year, Airfield Ground Defence was transferred from the RBAirF's Administration Wing to the Air Regiment.

A brand-new wing called No. 3 Wing was inaugurated on 27 July 2016.[12] In 2019, the RBAirF unveiled the Digital Disruptive Pattern BDU in digital grey colours at the 58th anniversary celebration at the Bolkiah Garrison.[13] As of 28 August 2020, the commander of the Royal Brunei Air Force is Brigadier General (U) Dato Seri Pahlawan Mohd Sharif bin Dato Paduka Haji Ibrahim.

Following an order made in 2020, the RBAirF acquired five Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) from the United States in 2021.[14] They will be used for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) around Brunei's territorial waters in the South China Sea.[15] The first was unveiled by the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, an event held in June 2021 to mark the 60th anniversary of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces.[15]

A parade was held at the Air Movement Centre (AMC) in celebration of the 55th anniversary on 25 June 2021. Of note was the introduction of Integrator into the RBAirF, a drone unmanned aerial system (UAS).[16] In collaboration with the Philippine Air Force (PAF) on 3 December 2021, pilots from the Philippines will carry out their training with the S-70i Blackhawk flight simulator at the Canadian Aviation Electronics (CAE) Brunei Multi-Purpose Training Centre (BMPTC).[17]

The decommissioning ceremony of the RBAirF's Bölkow BO105 fleet was held at the AMC within the Air Force Base, Rimba, on 5 February 2022. First introduced as a fleet of six helicopters into No. 2 Squadron, Air Wing in 1981, administered and maintained by the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) from the UK until 1993, this ended 41 years' service of the type as latterly operated by No. 1 Wing, Operations Group.[18]

Organisation

The Royal Brunei Air Force is divided into seven (7) Wings:[19][20]

No.15 Squadron's CN-235 at Rimba Air Base.

The Operation Wing consists of four flying wings and three addition units:

  • No. 1 Wing consisted of four flying squadrons in it. Each squadron has unique operating requirements for their respective functions with the capability to conduct maritime and border patrol.[21]
    • No. 11 Squadron (formerly No. 1) is equipped with Bell 214ST helicopters. 1 Sqn previously operated the Bell 212 until their retirement in 2013.[22] The primary roles of 1 Squadron are for troop lift, casualty evacuation, medical evacuation, fire suppression, VVIP lift, and search and rescue.[23]
    • No. 12 Squadron (formerly No. 2) was previously equipped with Bölkow BO105 helicopters. The primary roles of 2 Squadron are to provide flying doctor, reconnaissance, surveillance, close air support, VVIP lift, and search and locate services.[23]
    • No. 14 Squadron (formerly No. 4) is equipped with Blackhawk S-70A helicopters. The primary roles of 4 Squadron are special combat squadron operation task, troop lift, casualty evacuation, medical evacuation, fire fighting, VVIP lift, and search and rescue.[23]
    • No. 15 Squadron (formerly No. 5) is equipped with a CN-235 aircraft. The primary roles of 5 Squadron are to provide troop-lift, surveillance, and search and locate capabilities.[23]
  • Soldier from the No. 236 Squadron in full combat dress.
    No. 2 Wing, formerly known as Air Regiment, is responsible for protecting the Royal Brunei Air Force Base and Brunei's airspace against aerial threats.[24]
    • No. 233 Squadron (formerly No. 33 and Air Battery) is equipped with the Rapier FSB1 missile launcher.[25] Its first base of operations was Penanjong Garrison, where Rapier FSB1, a short-range air defense system, was operated. However in 2010, the system was turned off. In addition to preparation for its new Air Defence System, the squadron became a supporting unit for No. 238 Squadron.[24]
    • No. 236 Squadron (formerly Base Defence Squadron) is responsible for the protection of the Royal Brunei Air Force Base and any Forward Operating Base.[25]
    • No. 238 Squadron (formerly No. 38) is equipped with the VSHORAD (Very Short Range Air Defence System) Mistral missile launcher, based in Berakas Garrison.[25][24]
    • The Engineering Squadron is situated in Berakas Garison. Via maintenance, the squadron assists in guaranteeing the Air Defence Squadron's operational preparedness.[24]
  • No. 3 Wing is tasked in helping with the operational group to carry out its duties and fulfill its mission.[12]
    PATDU during the RBAirF Anniversary 2009.
    • The Parachute Airborne Tactical Delivery Unit (PATDU) provides jungle rescue team, jungle line resupply, multi rope abseil. PATDU are also involved in parachute competitions at the regional and international level.[25]
    • The Fire Brigade Unit (formerly Fire Unit) provides fire and rescue cover of any aircraft during an emergency.[25]
    • The Air Movement Flight supervises all aircraft entering and leaving the RBAirF base, with an addition in dealing with cargo.[12]
    • The Air Space Control assist the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) in controlling airplanes that fly over our area. Its goal is to find competent Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs).[12]
  • No. 4 Wing, also known as the Supply Headquarter, is under the control of the Support Group Commander.[26]
    • Domestic Supply Squadron (DSS) is tasked with providing logistical support and equipment for the personnel.[26]
    • Supply Control and Accounting Flight (SCAF) is made up of five key cells which are the Control Accounting Cell (CAC), the Supply Accounting Cell (SAC), the Supply Control Cell (SCC), Receipt and Despatch (R&D), and the Bulk Fuel Installation Account.[26]
    • Technical Supply Squadron (TSS), formerly known as Technical Supply Flight, is in charge of providing technical assistance to the RBAirF, which keeps its spare parts in the Forward Stores and the Air Force Main Store. The No. 4 Wing Main Building houses the Mainstore, and the Forward Stores, which are currently operational, and are housed within Hangar A, Hangar B, and No. 38 Squadron.[26]
    • Bulk Fuel Installation[26]
  • No. 5 Wing, also known as Maintenance Wing, is to make sure that all operating and training requirements are satisfied, as well as to adhere to maintenance deadlines and handle all issues pertaining to aircraft maintenance with extreme care. The S70i Black Hawk, Bo-105, Bell 206 Jet Ranger, S70a Black Hawk, and CN235 are among the aircraft that the engineering squadrons 51, 52, 53, 54, and 55 Squadron are directly in charge of maintaining. This covers the engine, avionics, and airframe of the airplane, among other components.[27]
    • Standard Engineering Cell provide all of the reference material that No. 5 Wing's squadrons and departments.[27]
    • Engineering Control & Planning (EC & P) makes sure that every maintenance activity is correctly documented and updated as necessary.[27]
    • Maintenance Planning Resources Management (MPRM) anticipates all maintenance-related operations and resources.[27]
    • Technical Equipment Maintenance Department (TEMD) is a civilian branch tasked with providing maintenance for the aircraft.[28]
    • No. 51 Squadron
    • No. 52 Squadron
    • No. 53 Squadron
    • No. 54 Squadron
    • No. 55 Squadron
    • Engineering Support Flight provides additional assistance to the squadrons. Ground Support Equipment (GSE) personnel are in charge of providing all necessary equipment for maintenance tasks, Flight Line Mechanics (FLM) personnel are in charge of moving the aircraft on the hangar floor or outside at the apron, and Survival Equipment Section (SES) personnel are in charge of all maintenance and survival equipment provision inside the aircraft.[27]
  • A member of the RBAirF's Fire Brigade Unit (first from the left).
    No. 6 Wing, formerly known as Administration Wing,[29] is tasked with overseeing personnel welfare as well as administrative concerns and base upkeep related to RBAirF activities.[30]
    • Regimental Police Fleet (RP Flt) is tasked to prevent unauthorized entry to any restricted areas.[30]
    • Pay Fleet safeguard the welfare of all RBAirF personnel, proper procedures for receiving their individual pay and benefits in accordance with the pay manual and financial regulations were followed.[30]
    • Base Maintenance (Base Maint) make sure that all Base requirements from all units are met in accordance with Base procedures.[30]
    • Estate Maintenance Service (EMS) is tasked to do repairs on equipment at Rimba Airbase.[30]
    • Medical Reception Service (MRS) is tasked to provide RBAirF personnel with medical facilities.[30]
    • Light Aid Detachment (LAD) is tasked to maintain the RBAirF's motor transport equipment in working order.[30]
    • Military Transport Fleet (Mt Flt) is tasked to give the RBAirF military land mobility.[30]
    • Dental offer RBAirF members with dental treatment services.[30]
  • No. 7 Wing, formerly known as Training Wing, is in charge of managing its staff's administration and wellbeing. The wing also houses a facility for leadership training to meet the requirements of the RBAirF.[31]
    • No. 73 Squadron, also known as Flying Training School (FTS) and formerly No. 3 and No. 63 Squadron, is tasked to give aspiring pilots basic training in both fixed and rotary wings. In addition to training pilots for the RBAirF, it also train crew members. All things considered, the squadron marks the start of a pilot and crewman's career.[31] It is equipped with Bell 206 Jet Ranger helicopters and Pilatus PC-7 Mk.II aircraft.[28]
    • No 75 Squadron, also known as Air Technical Training School (ATTS), to offer fundamental and advanced technical training to all RBAirF technicians in order to create skilled, energetic technicians who can meet operational needs and help the air force realize its aim of being the Center of Excellence in Air Technical Training.[31]
    • No. 77 Squadron is based at Berakas Garrison, and it instructs members of the RBAirF and the No. 2 Wing in air defense.[31]
    • Physical Training Instructor[31]

Equipment

In 2015, the Commander of the Air Force, Brigadier General Wardi Abdul Latip, stated that the Air force was actively working with Lockheed Martin to purchase a C-130J Super Hercules, with delivery expected in 2018. As of 2024, this plan is yet to materialize. In January 2015, the RBAirF transferred four of its S-70A Black Hawk’s to the Royal Malaysian Air Force.[32][33] In 2014, eight Bell 212 helicopters were retired and decommissioned from service.[22][34]

During Royal Brunei Armed Forces diamond jubilee celebration in 2021, an unmanned aerial system (UAS) programme was launched by the Sultan of Brunei, and a RQ-21 Blackjack model was unveiled by a US company, Insitu to the Sultan. This UAS will be used for maritime security surveillance role.[35] The newly acquired M134D Minigun will be expected to be integrated into the RBAirF later in 2022.[36]

Armaments for the aircraft consist of M134 Minigun's, FZ rockets and unguided air-to-surface SURA rockets.[37][18][38] There have been plans to secure fighter capability by purchasing several BAE Hawk aircraft, but these plans have been delayed on several occasions.[39] In November 2011, the White House announced that a deal has been secured by Sikorsky to sell 12 UH-60Ms to the Royal Brunei Air Force.[40]

Aircraft

Sikorsky S-90i preparing to land in Kuala Belait, 2023
Meggitt Banshee on display in 2024
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Transport
IPTN CN-235 Indonesia transport 1[41]
Airbus C295 Spain transport C295MW 2 2 on order[42] out of 4.[43]
Helicopters
Bell 214ST United States utility 1[41]
Airbus H145 Germany multi-role H145M 6 on order[44]
Sikorsky UH-60 United States utility / transport S-70i 12[41] produced in Poland
Trainer Aircraft
Bell 206 United States rotorcraft trainer 2[41]
Pilatus PC-7 Switzerland trainer 4[41]
UAV
Meggitt Banshee United Kingdom Target drone Unknown [45]
RQ-21 Blackjack United States ISTAR 5[46][47]

Retired

Previous aircraft operated were the Hawker Siddeley HS 748, Bell 212, Sikorsky S-55, MBB Bo 105, SIAI-Marchetti SF.260, Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Westland Wessex, and the Westland Whirlwind.[11][48][49]

Radar

The No. 2 Wing operate the P-STAR ground-based radar which provides a picture of the controlled airspace over Brunei[50]

Incidents

A Bell 212 operated by the RBAirF crashed in Kuala Belait on 20 July 2012 with the loss of 12 of the 14 crew on board.[51] The cause of the accident has yet to be ascertained.[52] The crash is the worst aviation incident in the history of Brunei.

Commander

A lieutenant of the Royal Brunei Air Force during the 2023 National Day.
Commanders of the Royal Brunei Air Force
No. service number,
rank, name
(birth–death)
term of office ref.
took office left office time in office
1 Major general
Abidin Ahmad
1982 27 Mar 1986 3–4 years [53]
2 Colonel
Jocklin Kongpaw
27 Mar 1986 ???? [54]
3 Brigadier general
Ibrahim Mohammed
???? ???? [55]
4 ???? ???? ???? ????
5 ???? ???? ???? ????
6 ???? ???? ???? ????
7 ???? ???? ???? ????
8 ???? ???? ???? ????
9 ???? ???? ???? ????
10 117 Brigadier general
Mahmud Saidin
???? 20 Aug 2009 [56]
11 194 Brigadier general
Jofri Abdullah
21 Aug 2009 7 Dec 2012 3 years, 108 days [57][58]
12 231 Brigadier general
Wardi Abdul Latip
7 Dec 2012 25 Sep 2015 2 years, 292 days [57][59]
13 Brigadier general
Shahril Anwar
26 Sep 2015 18 Aug 2018 2 years, 326 days [59]
14 Major general
Hamzah Sahat
18 Aug 2018 28 Aug 2020 2 years, 10 days [60]
15 413 Brigadier general
Sharif Ibrahim
28 Aug 2020 incumbent 3 years, 339 days [61][62]

Rank structure

Commissioned Officers

The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the Royal Brunei Air Force.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
 Royal Brunei Air Force
Marsyal udara Jeneral (udara) Leftenan jeneral (udara) Mejar jeneral (udara) Brigedier jeneral (udara) Kolonel (udara) Leftenan kolonel (udara) Mejar (udara) Kapten (udara) Leftenan (udara) Leftenan muda (udara)

Enlisted

Unlike most Commonwealth armed forces, Brunei has maintained 4 warrant officer ranks, used in conjunction with the standard Commonwealth NCO and enlisted personnel and ratings ranks. The following are the rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the Royal Brunei Air Force.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Royal Brunei Air Force

No insignia
Pegawai waran 1 (udara) Pegawai waran 2 (udara) Staf sarjan (udara) Sarjan (udara) Koperal (udara) Lans koperal (udara) Prebet/Soldadu (udara)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "World Air Forces 2023". FlightGlobal.com. Flightglobal International. 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Commander of the Royal Brunei Air Force". MinDef.gov.bn. Defence Information Technology Unit, Ministry of Defence, Brunei Darussalam. 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  3. ^ Fadley Faisal (25 June 2022). "Call to remain flexible, adaptable and professional". BorneoBulletin.com.bn. Borneo Bulletin Online. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Royal Brunei Air Force – Chief of Staff". MinDef.gov.bn. Defence Information Technology Unit, Ministry of Defence, Brunei Darussalam. n.d. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
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  6. ^ Roles Royal Brunei Air Force Archived 20 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Retrieved 21 April 2007
  7. ^ "ROYAL BRUNEI AIR FORCE CELEBRATES 49TH ANNIVERSARY". www.mindef.gov.bn. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  8. ^ "ROYAL BRUNEI AIR FORCE'S 56TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION". www.mindef.gov.bn. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  9. ^ "ROYAL BRUNEI AIR FORCE CELEBRATES ITS 57TH ANNIVERSARY". www.mindef.gov.bn. 24 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  10. ^ Paxton, J. (20 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1990-91. Springer. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-230-27119-7.
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  12. ^ a b c d "No. 3 Wing". Royal Brunei Air Force. n.d.
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  25. ^ a b c d e Air Regiment Squadrons Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Retrieved 21 April 2007
  26. ^ a b c d e "No. 4 Wing". Royal Brunei Air Force. n.d.
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  28. ^ a b Logistics and Training Wing Royal Brunei Air Force Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Retrieved 21 July 2007
  29. ^ Administration Wing Royal Brunei Air Force Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Retrieved 21 July 2007
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  37. ^ "News Headline". mindef.gov.bn. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
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贝内德托·贝蒂诺·克拉克西Bettino Craxi第45任意大利总理任期1983年8月4日—1987年4月17日总统亚历山德罗·佩尔蒂尼 弗朗切斯科·科西加副职阿纳尔多·福拉尼前任阿明托雷·范范尼继任阿明托雷·范范尼 个人资料出生(1934-02-24)1934年2月24日伦巴第米兰逝世2000年1月19日(2000歲—01—19)(65歲)突尼斯哈马麦特国籍意大利政党意大利社会党儿女Bobo、Stefania 克拉克西在突尼斯的墓地。 贝…

Public research university in Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S. University of Massachusetts LowellFormer namesLowell Normal School (South Campus)Lowell Textile Institute (North Campus)Lowell Technological Institute (North Campus)Lowell State College (South Campus)University of LowellTypePublic research universityEstablished1894; 130 years ago (1894)FounderJoseph ContiParent institutionUniversity of MassachusettsAccreditationNECHEAcademic affiliationsCUMUORAUSpace-grantEndowment$139 m…

جهة بني ملال خنيفرة     الإحداثيات 32°28′N 6°21′W / 32.46°N 6.35°W / 32.46; -6.35   [1] تاريخ التأسيس 2015  سبب التسمية بني ملال،  وخنيفرة  تقسيم إداري  البلد المغرب  التقسيم الأعلى المغرب  العاصمة بني ملال  التقسيمات الإدارية إقليم بني ملالإقليم خريبكة…

莎拉·阿什頓-西里洛2023年8月,阿什頓-西里洛穿著軍服出生 (1977-07-09) 1977年7月9日(46歲) 美國佛羅里達州国籍 美國别名莎拉·阿什頓(Sarah Ashton)莎拉·西里洛(Sarah Cirillo)金髮女郎(Blonde)职业記者、活動家、政治活動家和候選人、軍醫活跃时期2020年—雇主內華達州共和黨候選人(2020年)《Political.tips》(2020年—)《LGBTQ國度》(2022年3月—2022年10月)烏克蘭媒體…

2018 South Korean television series LivePromotional posterHangul라이브 GenreDramaPolice proceduralCreated byStudio DragonWritten byNoh Hee-kyungDirected byKim Kyu-taeStarringJung Yu-miLee Kwang-sooBae Seong-wooBae Jong-okCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes18[1]ProductionExecutive producerKim Kyu-taeCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning time60 minsProduction companyGTistOriginal releaseNetworktvNReleaseMarch 10 (2018-03-10) –May 6, 2018 (2018-…

برتا فون سوتنر Bertha von Suttner معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالألمانية: Berta Gräfin Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau)‏  الميلاد 9 يونيو 1843 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]  الإمبراطورية النمساوية الوفاة 21 يونيو 1914 (71 سنة) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]  فيينا[8][4][7&…

This article is about the song by Joe Liggins. For the pianist nicknamed The Honeydripper, see Roosevelt Sykes. For the album by Roosevelt Sykes, see The Honeydripper (Roosevelt Sykes album). For the album by Jack McDuff, see The Honeydripper (Jack McDuff album). Honeydripper redirects here. For the film, see Honeydripper (film). 1945 song by Joe Liggins and His HoneydrippersThe HoneydripperSong by Joe Liggins and His HoneydrippersReleasedApril 1945RecordedApril 20, 1945LabelExclusive Records 20…

President of the International Olympic Committee from 1980 to 2001 In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Samaranch and the second or maternal family name is Torelló. His Excellency The Most ExcellentThe Marquess of SamaranchSamaranch in 19987th President of the International Olympic CommitteeIn office3 August 1980 – 16 July 2001Preceded byLord KillaninSucceeded byJacques RoggeHonorary President of the IOCIn office16 July 2001 – 21 April 2010Preside…

High speed rail in Uzbekistan currently consists of 600 km of track and services using Talgo 250 equipment, branded Afrosiyob by operator Uzbekistan Railways, on upgraded conventional lines. All HSR lines have been built using upgraded lines on Russian gauge. Other regional railways exist.[1][2] The country currently has two interoperated lines: Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line, opened 2011 using HSR capable trains while upgrading taking over 2.5 hours, in 2013 the …

Type of law in municipalities A by-law (bye-law, by(e)law, by(e) law), also known in the United States as bylaws, is a set of rules or law established by an organization or community so as to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authority. The higher authority, generally a legislature or some other government body, establishes the degree of control that the by-laws may exercise. By-laws may be established by entities such as a business corporation, a neighbourhood associati…

2019 European Athletics U23 ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad events20 km walkmenwomenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDec…

Painting by John Gast For the newspaper, see American Progress (newspaper). For the 1937 mural, see Josep Maria Sert. American ProgressArtistJohn GastYear1872 (1872)MediumOil on canvasSubjectManifest destiny, Settler colonialismDimensions11 1/2 in × 15 3/4 in. (29.2 cm × 40 cm)LocationAutry Museum of the American West, Los Angeles, CaliforniaOwnerAutry Museum of the American WestAccession92.126.1WebsiteExhibit website American Progress is an 1872 painting by John Gast, a Prussian-born pai…

Untuk feminis dan pembuat teori asal Bolivia, lihat Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui. Sylvia RiveraLahir(1951-07-02)2 Juli 1951New York City, Amerika SerikatMeninggal19 Februari 2002(2002-02-19) (umur 50)New York City, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPekerjaanAktivisDikenal atasPembebasan gay,[1] aktivis transgender, advokat tuna wisma.[2] Sylvia Rivera (2 Juli 1951 – 19 Februari 2002) adalah seorang aktivis hak transgender dan pembebasan gay Amerika Serikat&…

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Hama (disambiguasi). Hama adalah organisme yang dianggap merugikan dan tak diinginkan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari manusia. Walaupun istilah hama dapat digunakan untuk semua organisme, tetapi istilah ini paling sering dipakai hanya kepada hewan. Organisme yang bersifat invasif juga merupakan hama. Suatu hewan juga dapat disebut hama jika menyebabkan kerusakan pada ekosistem alami atau menjadi agen penyebaran penyakit dalam habitat manusia. Contohnya adalah organisme yang…

Laman dari Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, dicetak dalam warna merah dan hitam oleh Peter Schöffer (Mainz, 1471). Incunable, atau terkadang incunabulum (jamak incunables atau incunabula), adalah sebuah buku, pamflet, atau lembar lebar (seperti Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474) yang dicetak—bukan ditulis tangan—sebelum tahun 1501 di Eropa. Pada 2014, terdapat sekitar 30,000 edisi incunable yang diketahui masih ada, sementara jumlah salinan yang masih ada di Jerman sendiri dip…

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article doit être actualisé (août 2021). Des passages de cet article ne sont plus d’actualité ou annoncent des événements désormais passés. Améliorez-le ou discutez-en. Vous pouvez également préciser les sections à actualiser en utilisant {{section à actualiser}}. États et territoires de l'Inde. L'Inde est une république fédérale composée de vingt-huit États et huit territoires de l'Union[1]…

City in Quebec, CanadaSaint-ColombanCitySaint-Colomban in winter LogoLocation within La Rivière-du-Nord RCMSt-ColombanLocation in central QuebecCoordinates: 45°44′N 74°08′W / 45.73°N 74.13°W / 45.73; -74.13[1]Country CanadaProvince QuebecRegionLaurentidesRCMLa Rivière-du-NordConstitutedJuly 1, 1855Government[2] • MayorXavier-Antoine Lalande • Federal ridingMirabel • Prov. ridingArgenteuilArea[2 …