Results of the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
14 October 2023 (2023-10-14)
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
Do you approve this proposed alteration?
OutcomeNot carried. A majority "no" vote nationally and in all states.
WebsiteOfficial results
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 6,286,894 39.94%
No 9,452,792 60.06%
Valid votes 15,739,686 99.02%
Invalid or blank votes 155,545 0.98%
Total votes 15,895,231 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 17,671,784 89.95%
Results by state or territory, and division
This article is part of a series on the
Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Voice
Proposed Australian federal Indigenous advisory body to represent Indigenous communities.
Background
2023 referendum
See also

The 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum was held on 14 October 2023.[1] Voters were asked if they approved an alteration to the Australian Constitution that would recognise Indigenous Australians in the document through prescribing a body called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice. The referendum failed to get either of the two majorities in favour that were both required for the Constitution to be changed:[2]

  • more than half of the total national votes
  • more than half of the votes in more than half of the states

National

Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
Choice Votes %
Referendum failed No 9,452,792 60.06
Yes 6,286,894 39.94
Valid votes 15,739,686 99.02
Invalid or blank votes 155,545 0.98
Total votes 15,895,231 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 17,671,784 89.95
Source: Australian Electoral Commission[3]

States and territories

Votes cast in the territories are included in the national total for the purposes of determining a national majority, but the territories are not counted for the purposes of determining a majority of states.

Breakdown of voting by state and territory
State/territory Yes No Invalid Turnout (%)
Votes % Votes %
New South Wales 2,058,764 41.04 2,957,880 58.96 57,285 90.80
Victoria 1,846,623 45.85 2,180,851 54.15 39,038 91.00
Queensland 1,010,416 31.79 2,167,957 68.21 27,266 88.25
Western Australia 582,077 36.73 1,002,740 63.27 13,454 87.50
South Australia 417,745 35.83 748,318 64.17 11,478 91.75
Tasmania 152,171 41.06 218,425 58.94 3,967 92.03
Northern Territory[a] 43,076 39.70 65,429 60.30 820 71.45
Australian Capital Territory[b] 176,022 61.29 111,192 38.71 2,237 91.36
Total 6,286,894 39.94 9,125,294 60.06 155,545 89.92
Results Obtained a majority in no state and an overall minority of 2,838,400 votes. Not carried.

Electoral divisions

Voters lined up at a polling booth in Canning Vale, Perth.
Breakdown of voting by electorate[5]
Electorate Yes votes Yes (%) No votes No (%) Informal votes Informal (%) Total votes Turnout (%) Enrolment Parliamentary seat held by State
Adelaide 57,227 49.34 58,769 50.66 1,215 1.04 117,211 90.05 130,242 Labor South Australia
Aston 43,201 42.08 59,473 57.92 1,080 1.04 103,754 93.14 111,346 Labor Victoria
Ballarat 43,941 42.11 60,399 57.89 1,060 1.01 105,400 92.80 113,517 Labor Victoria
Banks 38,228 38.95 59,925 61.05 1,357 1.36 99,510 91.41 108,813 Liberal New South Wales
Barker 25,159 21.89 89,769 78.11 993 0.86 115,921 93.17 124,478 Liberal South Australia
Barton 44,475 45.03 54,290 54.97 1,440 1.44 100,205 88.94 112,630 Labor New South Wales
Bass 27,747 38.32 44,670 61.68 761 1.04 73,178 91.45 80,005 Liberal Tasmania
Bean 56,937 56.34 44,131 43.66 886 0.87 101,954 91.71 111,159 Labor Australian Capital Territory
Bendigo 42,726 40.53 62,684 59.47 1,004 0.94 106,414 93.41 113,858 Labor Victoria
Bennelong 51,674 48.59 54,667 51.41 1,160 1.08 107,501 91.66 117,257 Labor New South Wales
Berowra 46,602 46.67 53,260 53.33 870 0.86 100,732 93.95 107,204 Liberal New South Wales
Blair 34,395 29.67 81,535 70.33 1,140 0.97 117,070 87.67 133,508 Labor Queensland
Blaxland 34,476 38.25 55,648 61.75 2,376 2.57 92,500 83.86 110,298 Labor New South Wales
Bonner 40,622 40.40 59,923 59.60 758 0.75 101,303 90.73 111,611 Liberal Queensland
Boothby 56,966 47.98 61,756 52.02 1,153 0.96 119,875 93.64 128,093 Labor South Australia
Bowman 30,282 28.14 77,314 71.86 883 0.81 108,479 90.93 119,263 Liberal Queensland
Braddon 21,159 27.85 54,810 72.15 844 1.10 76,813 91.90 83,548 Liberal Tasmania
Bradfield 52,255 52.11 48,025 47.89 899 0.89 101,179 92.34 109,572 Liberal New South Wales
Brand 32,193 30.82 72,252 69.18 937 0.89 105,382 85.42 123,313 Labor Western Australia
Brisbane 63,056 56.01 49,533 43.99 766 0.68 113,355 89.21 127,063 Greens Queensland
Bruce 42,401 42.45 57,495 57.55 1,098 1.09 100,994 88.05 114,664 Labor Victoria
Burt 32,786 33.42 65,326 66.58 863 0.87 98,975 84.30 117,372 Labor Western Australia
Calare 32,524 28.79 80,465 71.21 1,091 0.96 114,080 92.68 123,035 Independent New South Wales
Calwell 38,637 40.09 57,742 59.91 1,505 1.54 97,884 83.96 116,563 Labor Victoria
Canberra 65,294 70.59 27,205 29.41 622 0.67 93,121 91.48 101,799 Labor Australian Capital Territory
Canning 24,866 23.69 80,104 76.31 883 0.83 105,853 87.61 120,777 Liberal Western Australia
Capricornia 19,202 19.30 80,280 80.70 666 0.67 100,148 88.93 112,597 Liberal Queensland
Casey 45,674 42.37 62,122 57.63 1,114 1.02 108,910 93.85 116,010 Liberal Victoria
Chifley 44,557 40.43 65,659 59.57 1,576 1.41 111,792 87.73 127,400 Labor New South Wales
Chisholm 50,919 50.41 50,099 49.59 870 0.85 101,888 91.76 110,970 Labor Victoria
Clark 39,204 58.12 28,251 41.88 658 0.97 68,113 91.59 74,366 Independent Tasmania
Cook 37,660 36.74 64,834 63.26 1,072 1.04 103,566 92.54 111,879 Liberal New South Wales
Cooper 66,053 65.78 34,369 34.22 978 0.96 101,400 90.62 111,841 Labor Victoria
Corangamite 52,567 48.03 56,875 51.97 977 0.88 110,419 93.92 117,517 Labor Victoria
Corio 47,666 45.98 56,009 54.02 1,044 1.00 104,719 91.56 114,309 Labor Victoria
Cowan 39,995 37.51 66,628 62.49 1,201 1.11 107,824 86.67 124,354 Labor Western Australia
Cowper 40,377 34.01 78,358 65.99 1,428 1.19 120,163 90.98 131,991 Nationals New South Wales
Cunningham 55,620 51.86 51,624 48.14 1,210 1.12 108,454 91.58 118,357 Labor New South Wales
Curtin 55,891 51.45 52,741 48.55 833 0.76 109,465 90.07 121,506 Independent Western Australia
Dawson 19,921 19.98 79,797 80.02 738 0.73 100,456 88.15 113,930 Liberal Queensland
Deakin 51,213 48.45 54,494 51.55 919 0.86 106,626 93.42 114,108 Liberal Victoria
Dickson 36,517 34.58 69,083 65.42 834 0.78 106,434 91.78 115,957 Liberal Queensland
Dobell 38,298 35.50 69,585 64.50 1,267 1.16 109,150 90.69 120,311 Labor New South Wales
Dunkley 44,996 44.18 56,844 55.82 1,009 0.98 102,849 90.85 113,152 Labor Victoria
Durack 27,946 27.89 72,269 72.11 718 0.71 100,933 81.25 124,228 Liberal Western Australia
Eden-Monaro 43,323 39.77 65,615 60.23 1,076 0.98 110,014 93.69 117,366 Labor New South Wales
Fadden 29,902 26.41 83,337 73.59 1,349 1.18 114,588 86.99 131,655 Liberal Queensland
Fairfax 39,013 34.69 73,456 65.31 1,020 0.90 113,489 89.50 126,764 Liberal Queensland
Farrer 27,747 25.00 83,242 75.00 1,011 0.90 112,000 91.69 122,085 Liberal New South Wales
Fenner 53,791 57.44 39,856 42.56 729 0.77 94,376 90.87 103,856 Labor Australian Capital Territory
Fisher 36,509 31.39 79,814 68.61 1,175 1.00 117,498 89.28 131,550 Liberal Queensland
Flinders 44,984 42.65 60,499 57.35 1,037 0.97 106,520 92.50 115,098 Liberal Victoria
Flynn 16,454 16.28 84,617 83.72 631 0.62 101,702 88.65 114,727 Liberal Queensland
Forde 29,975 28.17 76,431 71.83 1,212 1.13 107,618 84.99 126,573 Liberal Queensland
Forrest 32,331 31.00 71,974 69.00 973 0.92 105,278 89.64 117,412 Liberal Western Australia
Fowler 38,684 39.82 58,466 60.18 1,743 1.76 98,893 87.73 112,695 DLFCN New South Wales
Franklin 38,267 50.61 37,339 49.39 757 0.99 76,363 93.28 81,864 Labor Tasmania
Fraser 56,054 57.04 42,226 42.96 1,037 1.04 99,317 87.48 113,489 Labor Victoria
Fremantle 49,949 46.99 56,341 53.01 988 0.92 107,278 88.78 120,803 Labor Western Australia
Gellibrand 52,917 52.51 47,852 47.49 910 0.89 101,679 89.33 113,775 Labor Victoria
Gilmore 45,511 38.62 72,332 61.38 1,135 0.95 118,978 92.00 129,210 Labor New South Wales
Gippsland 29,635 27.93 76,488 72.07 944 0.88 107,067 91.48 116,974 Nationals Victoria
Goldstein 57,942 56.16 45,235 43.84 821 0.79 103,998 92.97 111,802 Independent Victoria
Gorton 41,608 39.06 64,903 60.94 1,187 1.10 107,698 89.88 119,814 Labor Victoria
Grayndler 75,538 74.64 25,659 25.36 802 0.79 101,999 91.55 111,385 Labor New South Wales
Greenway 48,771 42.99 64,671 57.01 1,207 1.05 114,649 90.68 126,392 Labor New South Wales
Grey 23,377 20.56 90,305 79.44 940 0.82 114,622 90.61 126,508 Liberal South Australia
Griffith 61,128 56.02 47,994 43.98 962 0.87 110,084 89.12 123,514 Greens Queensland
Groom 24,894 23.68 80,253 76.32 711 0.67 105,858 91.26 115,961 Liberal Queensland
Hasluck 37,676 34.85 70,419 65.15 856 0.79 108,951 88.01 123,768 Labor Western Australia
Hawke 35,481 35.68 63,973 64.32 1,030 1.03 100,484 89.74 111,942 Labor Victoria
Herbert 24,921 24.31 77,586 75.69 741 0.72 103,248 86.27 119,667 Liberal Queensland
Higgins 60,789 61.14 38,634 38.86 749 0.75 100,172 91.01 110,036 Labor Victoria
Hindmarsh 45,307 38.44 72,565 61.56 1,276 1.07 119,148 91.85 129,776 Labor South Australia
Hinkler 21,535 19.57 88,488 80.43 762 0.69 110,785 89.99 123,073 Liberal Queensland
Holt 43,179 42.98 57,283 57.02 1,008 0.99 101,470 88.73 114,326 Labor Victoria
Hotham 51,982 49.80 52,394 50.20 1,171 1.11 105,547 89.44 117,958 Labor Victoria
Hughes 42,133 41.47 59,467 58.53 943 0.92 102,543 94.41 108,588 Liberal New South Wales
Hume 30,982 26.56 85,687 73.44 1,004 0.85 117,673 93.19 126,213 Liberal New South Wales
Hunter 34,961 29.09 85,209 70.91 1,262 1.04 121,432 91.75 132,245 Labor New South Wales
Indi 36,289 33.11 73,315 66.89 963 0.87 110,567 92.57 119,391 Independent Victoria
Isaacs 52,454 50.57 51,274 49.43 1,080 1.03 104,808 92.18 113,627 Labor Victoria
Jagajaga 58,070 54.64 48,210 45.36 1,024 0.95 107,304 93.55 114,687 Labor Victoria
Kennedy 20,697 20.33 81,090 79.67 669 0.65 102,456 84.33 121,512 KAP Queensland
Kingsford Smith 56,387 55.64 44,961 44.36 1,082 1.06 102,430 88.42 115,814 Labor New South Wales
Kingston 40,585 35.71 73,060 64.29 1,219 1.06 114,864 91.19 126,033 Labor South Australia
Kooyong 63,253 59.85 42,433 40.15 739 0.69 106,425 93.21 114,138 Independent Victoria
La Trobe 39,916 38.49 63,787 61.51 912 0.87 104,615 91.11 114,777 Liberal Victoria
Lalor 48,124 46.89 54,508 53.11 1,010 0.97 103,642 88.05 117,660 Labor Victoria
Leichhardt 34,179 34.45 65,044 65.55 827 0.83 100,050 81.81 122,282 Liberal Queensland
Lilley 48,455 46.56 55,606 53.44 854 0.81 104,915 90.51 115,874 Labor Queensland
Lindsay 35,490 31.01 78,974 68.99 1,336 1.15 115,800 90.26 128,248 Liberal New South Wales
Lingiari 22,274 43.54 28,885 56.46 385 0.75 51,544 64.38 80,055 Labor Northern Territory
Longman 29,361 24.66 89,691 75.34 1,099 0.91 120,151 88.51 135,691 Liberal Queensland
Lyne 31,017 26.49 86,075 73.51 1,055 0.89 118,147 92.96 126,981 Nationals New South Wales
Lyons 25,794 32.59 53,355 67.41 947 1.18 80,096 91.88 87,156 Labor Tasmania
Macarthur 43,619 34.89 81,415 65.11 1,607 1.27 126,641 89.80 140,973 Labor New South Wales
Mackellar 52,299 50.84 50,562 49.16 1,049 1.01 103,910 92.30 112,551 Independent New South Wales
Macnamara 63,584 64.61 34,833 35.39 859 0.87 99,276 87.38 113,597 Labor Victoria
Macquarie 43,814 43.44 57,058 56.56 1,004 0.99 101,876 93.32 109,103 Labor New South Wales
Makin 35,883 32.12 75,834 67.88 1,147 1.02 112,864 91.59 123,305 Labor South Australia
Mallee 23,901 21.69 86,273 78.31 836 0.75 111,010 91.20 121,621 Nationals Victoria
Maranoa 15,594 15.38 85,768 84.62 563 0.55 101,925 89.90 113,363 Nationals Queensland
Maribyrnong 51,674 51.29 49,070 48.71 1,009 0.99 101,753 91.51 111,154 Labor Victoria
Mayo 49,995 40.17 74,450 59.83 1,217 0.97 125,662 94.54 133,078 Centre Alliance South Australia
McEwen 42,268 39.91 63,639 60.09 941 0.88 106,848 92.68 115,285 Labor Victoria
McMahon 33,029 34.11 63,796 65.89 1,728 1.75 98,553 88.31 111,566 Labor New South Wales
McPherson 35,801 35.08 66,246 64.92 1,265 1.22 103,312 86.93 118,805 Liberal Queensland
Melbourne 77,741 77.21 22,949 22.79 698 0.69 101,388 87.27 116,172 Greens Victoria
Menzies 46,820 45.14 56,891 54.86 1,002 0.96 104,713 92.52 113,112 Liberal Victoria
Mitchell 47,917 40.67 69,897 59.33 983 0.83 118,797 92.80 127,985 Liberal New South Wales
Monash 35,884 34.34 68,625 65.66 1,016 0.96 105,525 92.58 113,948 Liberal Victoria
Moncrieff 32,038 30.80 71,967 69.20 1,139 1.08 105,144 84.67 124,154 Liberal Queensland
Moore 41,463 37.74 68,413 62.26 880 0.79 110,756 91.50 121,017 Liberal Western Australia
Moreton 46,961 49.32 48,263 50.68 971 1.01 96,195 88.36 108,852 Labor Queensland
New England 26,158 24.68 79,846 75.32 911 0.85 106,915 92.12 115,992 Nationals New South Wales
Newcastle 60,204 53.53 52,260 46.47 1,199 1.05 113,663 91.87 123,663 Labor New South Wales
Nicholls 25,806 24.76 78,437 75.24 920 0.87 105,163 91.19 115,255 Nationals Victoria
North Sydney 61,692 59.93 41,254 40.07 851 0.82 103,797 91.74 113,165 Independent New South Wales
O'Connor 25,937 24.48 80,005 75.52 785 0.74 106,727 87.92 121,388 Liberal Western Australia
Oxley 41,016 40.25 60,899 59.75 1,046 1.02 102,961 87.20 118,041 Labor Queensland
Page 37,443 33.02 75,936 66.98 1,230 1.07 114,609 92.25 124,181 Nationals New South Wales
Parkes 20,859 21.16 77,723 78.84 994 1.00 99,576 89.72 110,934 Nationals New South Wales
Parramatta 42,734 45.36 51,476 54.64 1,212 1.27 95,422 87.25 109,334 Labor New South Wales
Paterson 37,243 30.00 86,891 70.00 1,333 1.06 125,467 92.30 135,828 Labor New South Wales
Pearce 32,408 31.31 71,111 68.69 894 0.86 104,413 86.83 120,227 Labor Western Australia
Perth 57,950 53.68 50,005 46.32 995 0.91 108,950 87.97 123,816 Labor Western Australia
Petrie 37,828 33.17 76,214 66.83 934 0.81 114,976 88.82 129,394 Liberal Queensland
Rankin 32,835 35.26 60,288 64.74 1,050 1.11 94,173 83.78 112,395 Labor Queensland
Reid 52,659 50.62 51,375 49.38 1,026 0.98 105,060 90.05 116,651 Labor New South Wales
Richmond 48,067 43.93 61,348 56.07 1,491 1.34 110,906 89.74 123,537 Labor New South Wales
Riverina 26,810 24.92 80,772 75.08 1,029 0.95 108,611 92.26 117,673 Nationals New South Wales
Robertson 44,579 43.37 58,197 56.63 1,102 1.06 103,878 91.62 113,332 Labor New South Wales
Ryan 54,466 52.71 48,875 47.29 677 0.65 104,018 92.02 113,005 Greens Queensland
Scullin 37,486 38.10 60,896 61.90 1,343 1.35 99,725 89.23 111,735 Labor Victoria
Shortland 41,463 38.39 66,551 61.61 1,212 1.11 109,226 92.84 117,568 Labor New South Wales
Solomon 20,802 36.27 36,544 63.73 435 0.75 57,781 79.22 72,936 Labor Northern Territory
Spence 32,303 27.77 84,000 72.23 1,239 1.05 117,542 88.29 133,226 Labor South Australia
Sturt 50,943 42.90 67,810 57.10 1,079 0.90 119,832 92.66 129,401 Liberal South Australia
Swan 44,813 42.75 60,009 57.25 828 0.78 105,650 86.06 122,724 Labor Western Australia
Sydney 73,333 70.90 30,100 29.10 889 0.85 104,322 85.38 122,228 Labor New South Wales
Tangney 45,873 41.32 65,143 58.68 820 0.73 111,836 90.65 123,326 Labor Western Australia
Wannon 35,015 32.39 73,102 67.61 1,010 0.93 109,127 93.39 116,788 Liberal Victoria
Warringah 57,347 59.54 38,967 40.46 836 0.86 97,150 90.99 106,766 Independent New South Wales
Watson 39,490 42.05 54,414 57.95 2,043 2.13 95,947 86.44 110,964 Labor New South Wales
Wentworth 56,732 62.55 33,973 37.45 840 0.92 91,545 87.64 104,435 Independent New South Wales
Werriwa 41,941 36.77 72,107 63.23 1,915 1.65 115,963 87.12 133,060 Labor New South Wales
Whitlam 42,042 35.84 75,264 64.16 1,399 1.18 118,705 92.22 128,629 Labor New South Wales
Wide Bay 26,679 25.19 79,237 74.81 865 0.81 106,781 89.12 119,799 Liberal Queensland
Wills 63,773 64.88 34,517 35.12 1,124 1.13 99,414 89.41 111,159 Labor Victoria
Wright 26,180 22.67 89,328 77.33 959 0.82 116,467 88.88 131,027 Liberal Queensland

Analysis

The referendum result saw a majority of Australians in every jurisdiction other than the ACT vote No to the Voice.

Results of the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice Referendum by polling place

Demographics

Although every electorate with a high Indigenous population voted No, many Indigenous communities in these seats voted Yes. However, turnout in Indigenous communities is low, and in many of them less than a third of enrolled voters actually voted.[6]

A study from the Australian National University found that No voters were typically older than Yes voters, and that men were more likely to vote No than women. The study also found that the majority of people who speak English as a second language voted No.[7] Ethnic communities were, throughout the campaign, a key demographic for both the Yes and No camps.[8]

The vote for the Voice in suburbs with high ethnic populations was split, with election analyst Ben Raue identifying some surprising trends in certain suburbs. For example, of the 15 suburbs with the highest Indian populations, 10 of them voted Yes, despite all but one being located in electorates that voted No. On the other hand, of the 15 suburbs with the highest Chinese populations, only three voted Yes (though all but one had an above-average Yes vote).[9]

Geography

The result saw an urban-rural political divide, with regional and rural areas voting heavily against the Voice while inner-city seats voted Yes.[10] Seats in the outer suburbs and based around major regional cities typically voted No, but not to the same extent as rural areas.

Every seat in South Australia and the Northern Territory voted No to the Voice, as did all but three seats in Queensland and all but two seats in both Western Australia and Tasmania. Of the seats that voted Yes, almost all of them were inner-city seats in the capital cities, and only two seats in regional cities voted Yes (those being Cunningham and Newcastle, located in the cities of Wollongong and Newcastle, respectively). In contrast, of the 34 electorates with a No vote of over 70%, only four were in the capital cities (Bowman, Forde and Longman in Brisbane and Spence in Adelaide).

Income

The result saw a divide between the upper-class and the middle and lower-classes, with affluent suburbs in inner-city electorates voting Yes. The Voice had long been criticised by its opponents as a progressive and elitist proposal, having been backed by large and influential corporations and donors while being perceived as having a lack of support from ordinary Australians.

Politics

Although Labor backed the proposal and the Coalition opposed it (though one state division of the Liberal Party, the Tasmanian Liberal Party, supported it), the majority of Labor electorates voted No, though the No vote was higher in most Coalition seats.

The Greens and teal independents also backed the Voice. Every electorate held by the Greens or a teal independent voted Yes. The Greens and teal independents hold seats in affluent inner-city electorates in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth.

Notes

  1. ^ In accordance with the Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984, residents of the territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the territory of Christmas Island are included in the Northern Territory for electoral purposes.[4]
  2. ^ In accordance with the Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984, residents of the territories of Jervis Bay Territory and Norfolk Island are included in the Australian Capital Territory for electoral purposes.[4]

References

  1. ^ Butler, Josh (30 August 2023). "Indigenous voice to parliament referendum date announced as 14 October". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  2. ^ "Referendums and changing Australia's constitution". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  3. ^ "National Results". Australian Electoral Commission. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984 (Cth) s 3
  5. ^ "Results by division". AEC Tally Room. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  6. ^ Beazley, Jordyn (15 October 2023). "Indigenous communities overwhelmingly voted yes to Australia's voice to parliament". The Guardian.
  7. ^ "Detailed analysis of the 2023 Voice to Parliament Referendum and related social and political attitudes". 28 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Don't be surprised if ethnic communities vote No". 12 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Why some Australians are hopeful about Indigenous issues even though the Voice was rejected". ABC News. 19 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Voice result reveals more than just Australia's country-city divide". ABC News. 14 October 2023.