List of World War II aces from Germany: Q–S

Main article: List of World War II aces from Germany
World War II aces
from Germany
Aces from Austria

This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Germany with their surname starting from Q to S. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] Aces are listed alphabetically by last name.

Aces

By surname: A–F  • G–L  • M–P  • T–Z

  This along with the * (asterisk), indicates that the pilot was either killed in action (KIA), missing in action (MIA), died of wounds (DOW), killed in a flying accident (KIFA), or killed in a car accident (KICA).
  This and the / (slash) indicates information discrepancies listed by Aders, Boiten, Caldwell, Girbig, Held, Obermaier, Spick, Ring, Mathews, Foreman and Zabecki.

Q

Name Rank Claims Unit Notes
Wilhelm Quack* Feldwebel 17[2] JG 54 KIA 8 January 1942
Klaus Quaet-Faslem* Major 49[3] JG 53, JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIFA 30 January 1944
Richard Quante* Oberfeldwebel 49[4]/41[2] JG 51 KIA 14 August 1942
Josef Quarde* Fähnrich 52[2] JG 54 KIA 5 March 1945
Karl-Heinz Quaritsch* Leutnant 9[2] JG 53 KIA 14 June 1942
Ernst Quasinowski Oberleutnant 19[2] J/88, JG 52
Werner Quast Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel 84[5][6] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Querengasser Feldwebel 5+[2] JG 2

R

Name Rank Claims Unit Notes
Walter Rabenstein* Leutnant 5[2] JG 27 KIA 2 July 1944
Josef Rabieger Oberfeldwebel 20+[2] JG 52
Rudolf Rademacher Oberleutnant 126[7]/93[2] JG 54, JG 7 Knight's Cross
Waldemar Radener 37[8]/23[2] JG 26, JG 300 Knight's Cross
Günther Radusch Oberst 64 (+1 in Spain)[9][2] NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Gerhard Raht Hauptmann 58[10]/59[2] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Alfons Raich Oberleutnant 10[2] JG 3
Günther Rall Major 275[11]/274[2] JG 52, JG 11 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.26.[12]
Karl Rammelt 41[2] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Alfred Rauch Leutnant 60[13] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Paul-Hubert Rauh Hauptmann 31[2] NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Karl-Wolfgang Redlich* Major 43[14]/41 (incl. 2 in Spain)[15] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 29 May 1944
Hans Reiff Oberfeldwebel 54[16] JG 3
Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert Oberleutnant 174[17]/168[16] JG 77, JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Hans-Günther Reinhard Oberfeldwebel 42[16] JG 54
Peter Reischer Oberleutnant 20[16] JG 26
Hans Remmer* Hauptmann 27[18]/21[16] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 April 1944
Anton Resch Oberleutnant 91[19] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Rudolf Resch* Major 94 (incl. 1 in Spain)[19] JG 52, JG 51 Knight's Cross
KIA 11 July 1943
Willi Reschke Oberfeldwebel 28[20] JG 302, JG 301 Knight's Cross
incl. 20 heavy bombers[21]
Ralph von Rettberg Oberst 8[20] ZG 26, ZG 1 Knight's Cross
Horst Reuter Leutnant 21[22] JG 27
Ernst Richter Oberfeldwebel 8[16] JG 54
Hans Richter Leutnant 22[16] JG 27
Horst Reuter Unteroffizier 26[22] JG 27
Eckhard Roch Oberleutnant 5[23] JG 26
Gustav Rödel Oberst 98[24] JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Hans Röhrig* Hauptmann 75[25] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 13 July 1943
Detlev Rohwer 38[26] JG 3, JG 1 Knight's Cross
Heinz Rökker 64[10] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Herbert Rollwage Oberleutnant 102[24] JG 53 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Oskar Romm 92[19] JG 51, JG 3 Knight's Cross
Heinrich Rosenberg 12[22] JG 27
Theodor Rossiwall Oberstleutnant 19 (incl. 2 in Spain)[26] ZG 76, NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Edmund Roßmann Leutnant 93[27] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Willi Roth 20[23] JG 26, JG 103, JG 102, JV 44
Günther Rübell Hauptmann 50[27] JG 51, JG 104 Knight's Cross
Hans-Ulrich Rudel Oberst 9+[23] SG 2 Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (sole recipient in the entire Wehrmacht)
Erich Rudorffer Major 222[11]/219[23] JG 2, JG 54, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
13 in one mission
Helmut Rüffler Oberfeldwebel 98[24]/88[28] JG 3 Knight's Cross
Franz Ruhl* Oberleutnant 36[28] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 24 December 1944
Friedrich Rupp* Leutnant 52[29] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 15 May 1943
Martin Rysavy Oberleutnant 8[30] JG 26

S

Name Rank Claims Unit Notes
Heinz Sachsenberg Leutnant 104[31][32] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Florian Salwender Feldwebel 25[32] JG 77, JG 5 POW Died in Soviet Prison
Carl Sattig* Hauptmann 53[32] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 10 August 1942
Erwin Sawallisch* Oberfeldwebel 35[32] JG 27 Suicide
Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein* Major 83[33][6]/79[32] NJG 2, NJG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
KIA 21/22 January 1944
Günther Schack Hauptmann 174[17][32] JG 51, JG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Hans Schäfer Feldwebel 6[32] JG 3
Hans Schäfer Oberleutnant 12[32] NJG 2, NJG 3
Johann Schalk Oberst 15[34] ZG 26, NJG 3, NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Franz Schall* Hauptmann 137[35]/133[32] JG 52, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 Knight's Cross
KIFA 10 April 1945
mission-to-claim ratio of 4.01.[36]
Ludwig Scharf Unteroffizier 7+[37] JG 5
Gerhard Schaschke Hauptmann 19+[37] ZG 76
Paul Schauder 21[30] JG 26
Jakob Schaus Leutnant 23[38] NJG 4
Günther Scheel* Leutnant 71[39] JG 54 Knight's Cross
MIA 16 July 1943
only 70 combat missions, with a mission-to-claim ratio of 0.99.[40]
Klaus Scheer Leutnant 24[38]/23[37] NJG 100
Rudolf Scheffel Hauptmann 7[41] ZG 1, ZG 26 Knight's Cross
Wolfgang Schellmann* Oberstleutnant 26 (incl. 12 in Spain)[41] JG 2, JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 22 June 1941
Fritz Schellwat Oberfeldwebel 19[38] NJG 1
Wolfgang Schenck Oberstleutnant 18[42] SG 2, ZG 1, SKG 210, KG 51 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Georg Schentke* Oberleutnant 90[6]/87[5] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 25 December 1942
Karl-Heinz Scherfling* Oberfeldwebel 33[43] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 21 July 1944
Ernst Scheufele Oberleutnant 14[37] JG 5, JG 4
Erich Scheyda Oberfeldwebel 20[44] JG 26
Franz Schieß* Hauptmann 67[45] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 September 1943
Wilhelm Schilling Oberleutnant 63[46] JG 54, EJG 1 Knight's Cross
Hans Schleef* 98[19] JG 3, JG 5, JG 4 Knight's Cross
KIA 31 December 1944
Hermann Schleinhege Leutnant 97[6]/96[19] JG 3, JG 54 Knight's Cross
Joachim Schlichting Major 8 (incl. 5 in Spain)[47] JG 27 Knight's Cross
Karl-Friedrich Schlosstein Hauptmann 5+[48] JG 77, JG 5
Johann Schmid* Major 45[49] JG 2, JG 26 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 November 1941
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.34.[12]
Dietrich Schmidt Hauptmann 39[50] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
Erich Schmidt* Oberleutnant 47[51] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 31 August 1941
Franz Schmidt* Unteroffizier 6[48] JG 77 KIA 4 November 1941
Heinz Schmidt* Hauptmann 173[17][48] JG 52 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 5 September 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 4.05.[36]
Johannes Schmidt Oberleutnant 12[52] JG 26
Rudolf Schmidt* Feldwebel 42[53] JG 77 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 April 1942
Winfried Schmidt Hauptmann 19[48] JG 3
Lothar Schmitt Leutnant 7[48] LG 2, SG 1
Hans Schmoller-Haldy Hauptmann 12[48] JG 54
Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer Major 121[33]/119[48] NJG 1, NJG 4 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
Top Night Fighter Ace of World War II
August Schneider Leutnant 9[48] JG 5
Gerhard Schneider 41[48] JG 51, JGr Ost
Hugo Schneider Oberleutnant 6[48] JG 27
Walter Schneider 20[52] JG 26
Karl-Heinz Schnell Major 72[25] JG 51, JG 53, JV 44 Knight's Cross
"Wumm" Siegfried Schnell* 93[54][6] JG 54, JG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 25 February 1944
Karl "Quax" Schnörrer Leutnant 46[55] JG 54, JG 7, Kdo Nowotny Knight's Cross
Herbert Schob Hauptmann 28 (incl. 6 in Spain)[56] LG 1, ZG 76, ZG 26 Knight's Cross
Rudolf Schoenert Major 64[10] NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3, NJG 100, NJGr 10, NJG 5 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Erich Schöfbock Leutnant 8[57] JG 27
Günther Scholz Major 34 (+1 in Spain) JG 54, JG 5
Helmut Schönfelder Oberfeldwebel 56[56] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Schöpfel Major 45[58] JG 26, JG 4, JG 6 Knight's Cross
Georg Schott* Oberleutnant 21[57] LG 2, JG 1 KIA 27 September 1943
Herbert Schramm* Hauptmann 40[57] JG 53, JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 1 December 1943
Alfred Schreiber* Leutnant 5[57] ZG 26, EKdo 262, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 KIFA 26 November 1944
Georg Schröder Hauptmann 12[57] JG 2
Werner Schröer Major 114[31]/106[57] JG 3, JG 27, JG 54 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
incl. 26 heavy bombers[21]
mission-to-claim ratio of 1.73.[40]
Fritz Schröter 11[59] JG 2, SKG 10, SG 5, SG 4 Knight's Cross
Walter Schuck Oberleutnant 206[17]/181[57] JG 5, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Leo Schuhmacher Leutnant 23[59] ZG 76, JG 1, JV 44 Knight's Cross
Franz Schulte* Feldwebel 46[59] JG 77 Knight's Cross
KIA 12 August 1942
Helmuth Schulte Hauptmann 25[60] NJG 5 Knight's Cross
Otto Schultz 73[25] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Schulwitz Leutnant 9[61] JG 26
Otto Schulz* Oberleutnant 51[62] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 17 June 1942
Werner Schumacher Unteroffizier 30[63] JG 5
Heinz Schumann* Major 21[64] JG 51, JG 2 SKG 10 Knight's Cross
KIFA 8 November 1943
Franz Schwaiger* Leutnant 67[45] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 24 April 1944
Günther Schwanecke Hauptmann 14[63] JG 77, JG 5
Gerhard Schwartz Feldwebel 20[65] JG 51
Günther Schwarz Oberfeldwebel 40[65]/38[63] JG 51
Georg Seckel Hauptmann 34[63] JG 77, JG 200, JG 4
Günther Seeger Oberleutnant 56[66] JG 53, JG 2 Knight's Cross
Georg Seelmann 39[66] JG 51, JG 103 Knight's Cross
Hermann Segatz Hauptmann 40[65]/33[63] JG 26, JG 51, JG 5, JG 1
Georg Seidel Oberfeldwebel 47[65]/45[63] JG 51
Alfred Seidl Oberleutnant 31[63] JG 53, JG 3, JG 7
Johannes Seifert* Oberstleutnant 57[67] JG 26 Knight's Cross
KIA 25 November 1943
Reinhard Seiler Major 109 (incl. 9 in Spain)[31] JG 54, JG 104 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Erich von Selle 7 JG 26
Waldemar Semelka Leutnant 65[68] JG 52 Knight's Cross
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.69.[36]
Paul Semrau* Major 46[69] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 8 February 1945
Fritz Sengschmitt 15 ZG 76, ZG 26
Heinrich Setz* Major 138[35] JG 27, JG 77 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 13 March 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 1.99.[40]
Peter Siegler* Feldwebel 48[70] JG 54 Knight's Cross
MIA 24 September 1942
Rudolf Sigmund* Hauptmann 29[70] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 4 October 1943
Friedrich Simon Oberfeldwebel 22+[71] JG 51
Siegfried Simsch Hauptmann 54[72] JG 52, JG 11 Knight's Cross
KIA 8 June 1944
Rudolf Sinner Major 39[73] JG 27
Kurt Sochatzy Oberleutnant 38[72] JG 3 Knight's Cross
Waldemar Söffing Leutnant 35[74] JG 26
Gerhard Sommer* Hauptmann 20[72] JG 11, JG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 12 May 1944
Hermann Sommer* Oberfeldwebel 19[75] NJG 2, NJG 102 KIA 11 February 1944
Wolfgang Späte Major 99[24] JG 54, JG 400, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Günther Specht* Oberstleutnant 34[76] ZG 26, JG 11 Knight's Cross
MIA 1 January 1945
Wilhelm Spies* Major 20[77] ZG 26 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 27 January 1942
Robert Spreckles Oberfeldwebel 6+[78] JG 11, JG 1
Peter Spoden Hauptmann 24[75]/23[79] NJG 5, NJG 6
Gustav Sprick Oberleutnant 31[80] JG 26 Knight's Cross
Karl Stadek Oberfeldwebel 25+[71] JG 51
Hans-Arnold Stahlschmidt* Oberleutnant 60[81] JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 7 September 1942
Hermann Staiger Major 63[76] JG 51, JG 26, JG 1, JG 7 Knight's Cross
incl. 26 heavy bombers[21]
Friedrich-Wilhelm Stakejahn 9 JG 5, SG 4
Otto Stammberger Oberleutnant 7[82] JG 26
Karl Steffen* Oberfeldwebel 59[83][82] JG 52 Knight's Cross
MIA 8 August 1943
Hans-Joachim Steffens* Leutnant 21[82] JG 51 KIA 30 July 1941
Friedrich "Fritz" Stehle Oberleutnant 21[82] ZG 2, ZG 26, JG 6, JG 7 German Cross
Leopold "Bazi" Steinbatz* Leutnant 99[24]/98[82] JG 52 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
KIA 23 June 1942
Franz Steiner Oberfeldwebel 8[82] JG 27, JG 1, JG 11, JV 44
Günter Steinhausen* Leutnant 40[84] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 September 1942
Ulrich Steinhilper Oberleutnant 5[82] JG 52
"Macky" Johannes Steinhoff Oberst 176[17]/168[82] JG 26, JG 52, JG 77 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Wilhelm Steinmann Major 44[84] JG 27, JG 4, JV 44 Knight's Cross
Heinrich Steis Leutnant 20[82] JG 27 German Cross
Andreas Sterl Oberfeldwebel 54[82] JG 52 German Cross
Heinrich Sterr* Oberleutnant 130[7] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 26 November 1944
Franz Stigler 26[85] JG 27, JV 44 German Cross
Bruno Stolle Hauptmann 35[86] LG 1, JG 2, JG 11 Knight's Cross
"Max" Maximilian Stotz* 189[17]/182[79] JG 54 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 19 August 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.65.[12]
Friedrich-Wilhelm Strakeljahn* 9[86] JG 5, SG 4 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 July 1944
Hubert Strassl* Oberfeldwebel 67[86] JG 51 Knight's Cross
KIA 8 July 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.30.[12]
Erwin Straznicky* Oberleutnant 30[85] LG 2, JG 77, JG 3 MIA 3 October 1942
Werner Streib Oberst 66[33] NJG 1 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Hans Strelow* Leutnant 68[39] JG 51 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 22 May 1942
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.94.[12]
Fritz Stritzel Stabsfeldwebel 11[85] JG 2
Karl Strohecker Oberfeldwebel 14[85] NJG 100
Heinz Strüning* Hauptmann 56[10] ZG 26, KG 30, NJG 2, NJG 1 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 25 December 1944
Werner Stumpf* Oberfeldwebel 48[87] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 13 October 1942
Gustav Sturm Leutnant 21[88] JG 27, JG 3, JG 51, EJG 2, JG 7
Heinrich Sturm* Hauptmann 158[89]/157[35] JG 52 Knight's Cross
KIA 22 December 1944
Alfred Surau Leutnant 45[85] JG 3
Ernst Süß* Oberleutnant 68[90] JG 52 Knight's Cross
KIA 20 December 1943
Paul Szameitat* Hauptmann 29[60] NJG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 January 1944
Wilhelm Szuggar Oberfeldwebel 10 (incl. 5 in Spain)[85] JG 52, JG 26

References

Citations

  1. ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1514.
  3. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 182.
  4. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 264.
  5. ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 235.
  6. ^ a b c d e Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
  7. ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 230.
  8. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 183.
  9. ^ Spick 1996, pp. 242–243.
  10. ^ a b c d Spick 1996, p. 243.
  11. ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 227.
  12. ^ a b c d e Spick 1996, p. 248.
  13. ^ Spick 1996, p. 241.
  14. ^ Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 328.
  15. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 184.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1515.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Spick 1996, p. 228.
  18. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 185.
  19. ^ a b c d e Spick 1996, p. 234.
  20. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 186.
  21. ^ a b c Forsyth 2011, p. 90.
  22. ^ a b c Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 329.
  23. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1516.
  24. ^ a b c d e Spick 1996, p. 233.
  25. ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 237.
  26. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 188.
  27. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 189.
  28. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 190.
  29. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 191.
  30. ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 520.
  31. ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 232.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1517.
  33. ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 242.
  34. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 192.
  35. ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 229.
  36. ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 249.
  37. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1518.
  38. ^ a b c Aders 1978, p. 237.
  39. ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 238.
  40. ^ a b c Spick 1996, p. 247.
  41. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 193.
  42. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 55.
  43. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 194.
  44. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 520–521.
  45. ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 239.
  46. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 195.
  47. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 196.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1519.
  49. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 521–522.
  50. ^ Spick 1996, p. 245.
  51. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 197.
  52. ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 522.
  53. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 198.
  54. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 46.
  55. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 199.
  56. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 200.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1520.
  58. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 522–523.
  59. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 201.
  60. ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 246.
  61. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 523.
  62. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 202.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1521.
  64. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 203.
  65. ^ a b c d Aders & Held 1993, p. 265.
  66. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 204.
  67. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 523–524.
  68. ^ Spick 1996, p. 240.
  69. ^ Spick 1996, p. 244.
  70. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 206.
  71. ^ a b Aders & Held 1993, p. 266.
  72. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 207.
  73. ^ Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 330.
  74. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 534–525.
  75. ^ a b Aders 1978, p. 238.
  76. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 208.
  77. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 50.
  78. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1522.
  79. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1525.
  80. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 525.
  81. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 60.
  82. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1523.
  83. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 209.
  84. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 210.
  85. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1524.
  86. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 211.
  87. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 212.
  88. ^ Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 331.
  89. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  90. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 213.

Bibliography

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