The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913, and comprised actions of the Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria) against the Ottoman Empire. Montenegro declared war on 8 October and Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece followed suit on 17 October. The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of London on 30 May 1913. The Second Balkan War broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 29 June 1913. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest by the three powers on 10 August 1913.
An estimated 200–300 journalists from around the world covered the war in the Balkans in November 1912.[1]
Reporting on the war from Greece
The official censorship bureau was established at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Athens.[2] Each journalist had to make an application to proceed to the front, and enclose a photograph, together with a certificate from their country's Ministry in Athens. The Greek Government then issued the journalist an identity card which identified the paper he or she represented, his or her photograph, and a copy of his or her signature. The journalist was given a spade-shaped blue-and-white badge the size of a small plate to pin on their chest, on which the letters "ΕΦ" were worked, being the initial letters of the Greek word for "Newspaper" (Εφημερίδα).[2]
The day after the Battle of Sarantaporo, journalists were allowed to proceed to the Epirus front.[2]
Reporting on the war from Bulgaria
Following the outbreak of hostilities in 1912, almost 150 foreign correspondents rushed to Bulgaria, which was soon identified as the center of all major military developments.[3] The Bulgarian government was successful in identifying and controlling the journalists. The authorities required each journalist to carry a red identification card that included his or her photograph and signature, to wear a red brassard that had the letters "BK" meaning военен кореспондент and a number, and to carry a document informing the various persons who the journalist was and what the Army Headquarters would allow them to do.[4]
Reporting on the war from Serbia
Forty-five journalists from all around the world assembled in Belgrade to cover the First Balkan War. Foreign journalists, unless cleared by the General Staff, were not permitted in forward positions for the duration of hostilities.[5]
Motion pictures and the Balkan Wars
The First Balkan War provided the most extensive testing ground before the First World War for the new technology of large-scale filming, with more than 20 camera operators travelling to the region.[3] One of the first movies, and definitely the first war documentary in German film history, was created by two German cinematographers: Robert Isidor Schwobthaler, and Albert Herr.[6] The film was titled With the Greeks in the firing line (1913). It has been preserved by the UCLA Film & Television Archive from a 35mm tinted nitrate print. It can be watched through this link. The two cinematographers are seen together for ten seconds (36:05 - 36:26) in the film. Schwobthaler is the bearded man on the left, and Albert Herr on the right of the picture. Schwobthaler is seen in several parts of the film, which probably makes Albert Herr the man behind the movie camera.
He was born at the village of Tseritsana (Laka Souli/Epirus) in 1885. Said to be "the first Greek -unofficial- war photographer.[8]
In 1903, Petros Poulidis (a young man from Souli) was driven out of Constantinople, where he had been studying, and sought refuge in Athens. He brought with him a wooden box camera with plates, which he had bought in Constantinople in 1900. He worked in Athens as a photo-reporter. One of his most characteristic photographs is that of "Crown Prince Constantine at Souli [sic] before entering Ioannina, 21.2.1913", as he wrote on the back of the photograph. He died in Athens (;), on December 3, 1967.[9]
Bogdanović, Dyordye Dyoka
Serbian
B.W.II
War cinematographer
Shot footage on the Serbian front in July 1913.
Born 1860, Serbia. He set up Belgrade's first movie theatres in 1905. The experience of the First First Balkan War led him to the idea of re-enacting Serbian victories for the camera. With the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, he was able to take real footage at the front, with which he made a number of short documentaries and newsreels. Bogdanović's newsreels from that conflict rank among the earliest cinematic recordings showing soldiers in action in real war situations.[10]
In 1913, Jean and Hélène Leune both contributed chapters to the book Dans les Balkans, 1912–1913: récits et visions de guerre, that describe their wartime expériences. The following year, Jean wrote Une revanche, une étape: avec les Grecs à Salonique par Athènes et la Macédoine, campagne de 1912.
Mid-October 1912 – May 1913, covered the fronts in Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus
In 1913, Jean and Hélène Leune both contributed chapters to the book Dans les Balkans, 1912–1913: récits et visions de guerre, that describe their wartime expériences.
War correspondent and war photographer for Le Temps, (Paris)
October 1912 – March 1913 & November 1913 – December 1913, covered the fronts in Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, The islands of northern Aegean, and Crete.
It has been supported that he wrote with this pseudonym, but was actually Stephane A. Vlastos.[14]
Accompanied the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Battle of Lule Burgas (28 October to 3 November 1912) and the subsequent retreat on the lines of Chataldja (Çatalca)
Accompanied the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Battle of Lule Burgas (28 October to 3 November 1912) and the subsequent retreat on the lines of Chataldja (Çatalca).[21]
Born 1887 – Died 1929. He made two short films about the war in 1913, "Једрене после заузећа" and "Битка на Брегалници" and in August 1913 organized an exhibition with 400-500 photos from the period of the Balkan wars in the Officers' House in Belgrade.[5]
Born 13 February 1856, Stamford Hill, Middlesex, United Kingdom, died 12 June 1934, Ashburton, New Zealand. Prolific author who wrote various books and articles about the region.
Born 2 January 1885, Trieste – Died Milan, 9 December 1957. During the 1912–1913 war he participated as a combatant in support of the Greek cause. He wrote Le isole, l'Albania e l'Epiro: maggio 1912 – giugno 1913: ristampa delle corrispondenze inviate al "Secolo" (Milano: Societa editoriale italiana, [1913]).[30] He was one of nine foreign journalists covering the war who co-signed a letter in July 1913 condemning the Bulgarian atrocities in Serres.[31]
Born 1881, London – Died 1967.[33] He was one of nine foreign journalists covering the war who co-signed a letter in July 1913 condemning the Bulgarian atrocities in Serres.[23] He was stationed in the capital of Macedonia during the war.[34] He wrote The Balkan cockpit: the political and military story of the Balkan wars in Macedonia (London: T. Werner Laurie, 1915), which was translated and published in Greek the same year.[35]
Born 1852, London – Died 1922. One of the pre-eminent war artist-correspondents of the Victorian era. From 1876 through World War I, Villiers covered more than twelve major conflicts and as many lesser ones.[38]
Born 1840, Glasgow – Died June 1914, London. Also known as Bennet Graham Burley. He took part in the American Civil War on the Confederate side, and later became a celebrated war correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, (London). He witnessed his last war while reporting the 1912 Balkan conflict, while he was in his seventies.[41]
He covered the Balkan War in 1912 from the Bulgarian side. Accompanied the Bulgarian army.[16]
Born 1856, Leicester — Died 1941. Educated at Oxford. Covered the 1897 Greco-Turkish War, including the decisive Battle of Grimbovo.
Gibbs, Philip
English
B.W.I
Special correspondent/War correspondent for The Graphic, (London) and Daily Graphic, (London), also drew sketches that were used by artists back in London.[16]
Accompanied the Bulgarian army, present at the Battles of Lule Burgas and Kirk Kilisse, and the Siege of Adrianople.
Born 22 December 1876, Alexandria, Egypt – 2 December 1944, Bellagio, Italy. Italian poet and editor, the founder of the Futurist movement. Wrote Zang Tumb Tumb. Adrianopoli, Ottobre 1912 (Milan: Edizioni Futuriste de "Poesia," 1914). One of the most famous examples of words-in-freedom, Zang Tumb Tumb is Marinetti's dynamic expression of the siege of the Turkish city of Adrianople during the Balkan War of 1912. The title of the book elicits the sights and sounds of mechanized war—artillery shelling, bombs, and explosions.[44]
Accompanied the Turkish army during the First Balkan War. Reported on and photographed the fighting between Bulgaria and Turkey in Thrace and Macedonia in 1912.
Born 31 October 1888, Mount Bryan, South Australia, Australia – Died 30 November 1958, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America. He left his native Southern Australia in 1908 to work for Gaumont Film in London. During the First Balkan War, he was one of the first persons to take photographs from an aircraft and one of the first to take successful motion pictures of combat. He narrowly escaped being shot as a spy by the Bulgarians. He later won a reputation as a photographer in World War I and as a polar explorer.[50]
Born in Omagn County (Northern Ireland) on April 30, 1874. Correspondent for the Westminster Gazette, (London).[16] Died in White Plains (New York/USA) on November 25, 1956.
During the First Balkan War he followed the battles of Bulgarian troops in Thrace. During the Second Balkan War he moved to Skopje, Macedonia, where he witnessed the war, sent articles, photos and reports on the Serbian victory, and described the state of the Serbian army.[52]
After the Second Balkan War, he published three editions of his collection of supplemented articles about the Balkans in 1912 and 1913, entitled 40 jours de guerre dans les Balkans. La Campagne Serbo-bulgare en juillet 1913 (Paris: Chapelot, 1914).
Accompanied the Bulgarian army to the battlefields of Eastern Thrace, including Lozengrad, Catalca, Bunarhisar and others.[53]
(Born 30 June 1889, Maršov – Died 2 July 1958, Leopoldov. He wrote From Bulgarian Battlefields (Prague: 1913) [Z bulharského bojiště: dojmy válečného zpravodaje / píše Vladimír Sís (V Praze: Český čtenář, 1913)]
Accompanied the Bulgarian army to the battlefields of Eastern Thrace, including Lozengrad, Catalca, Bunarhisar and others.[53]
Born 8 December 1863 – Died 15 November 1944. She became a confidante of the King of Montenegro, ran a hospital in Macedonia and, following the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, became a war correspondent. Back in England, she was renowned as an expert on the region, writing the highly successful book High Albania and was an advocate for the people of the Balkans in British political life and society. She became known by the Albanians as "Mbretëresha e Malësoreve" – the "Queen of the Highlanders.[54]
Accompanied the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Battle of Lule Burgas (28 October to 3 November 1912) and the subsequent retreat on the lines of Chataldja (Çatalca)
Followed the Balkan campaign in 1912-1913.[3] Accompanied the Bulgarian Army through Turkey and covered the Balkan peace conference.[60] Accompanied the Bulgarian army in Thrace, and was present at the Battles of Chatalja, Kirk Kilisse and Lule Burgas, and at the Siege of Adrianople.[61]
He travelled to Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania in 1912–1913.
Born 7 November 1879, near Yelizavetgrad, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine) – Died 21 August 1940, Coyoacán, DF, Mexico. Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army. His articles from the two Balkan Wars first appeared in book form as The Balkans and the Balkan Wars, Volume VI of his Sochinenia (Works) (1923: Soviet State Publishing House). Of his experience in the Balkans, Trotsky himself noted: "The years 1912–1913 gave me a close acquaintance with Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania – and with war. In many respects this was an important preparation not only for 1914, but for 1917 as well".[62]
War correspondent for the Moskovski Glas, (Moscow).[64]
When the First Balkan war was declared, Misirkov went to Macedonia as a Russian war correspondent and followed the military operations of the Bulgarian Army.[65] He reported from the war zones and from Sofia.
Born 8 November 1874, Postol, Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (today Pella, Greece) – Died 26 July 1926, Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria (today Bulgaria). Philologist, Slavist, historian, ethnographer and publicist.
Correspondent at the front during the First Balkan War.
Born 14 July 1887, Bloomington, Illinois, United States of America – Died 7 April 1971. He was the Paris correspondent for the Chicago Daily News beginning in 1910. He was a career journalist and later also became a poet.
Photographer and correspondent at the front during the First Balkan War.
Ex officer of the British Army. He presented a photographic album of the First Balkan War to Constantine, the king of Hellenes with the dedication "To H.M. King Constantine in token of my respect and admiration for the King-Strategist".[67]
Journalist and correspondent for Le Journal, (Paris).[52]
Accompanied the Serbian troops and was present at the battles of Kumanovo, Prilep, and Monastir. He was with the Serbians in the final assault upon Adrianople and witnessed the capture of the fortress.[69]
Wrote the books Les Victoires serbes (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1913) and Brégalnitsa. La guerre serbo-bulgare (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1914).
Went into the field during the First Balkan War in 1913.
Born 1874, Fontainebleau, France 1874 – Died 1950, Mantes la Jolie, France. Began working as a photographer in 1895 and around 1905 he created the photo agency "Photopresse" at 5 rue Cambon, Paris. Photographed the main events of Paris life (the flood of 1910, criminal affairs and trials, cultural and political life, sporting events). After returning from the Balkan Wars, he photographed World War I and its consequences for four years.
Born 29 January 1873 – Died 2 September 1958. Journalist and writer. Reported on wars for nearly fifty years, including the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Boxer Rebellion, the Boer War, the Russo-Japanese War.
In the Christmas vacation of 1912, Howell was sent to Thrace, both by The Times and the War Office as a military observer attached to the Bulgarian Army of General Mihail Savov during the First Balkan War.
Born 7 December 1877 – Died 7 October 1916. British military officer and journalist. His observations from the First Balkan War were turned into a series of military lectures for the Staff College, and published as a book, The Campaign in Thrace 1912: Six Lectures (London: H. Rees, 1913).
Amateur film shot during his visit to Thrace between 27 October and 26 November 1912 records the aftermath of fighting between the Turks and Bulgars, including scenes at Lule Burgas and Chorlu.[76]
Born 1856 – Died 1936. He was the only artist-correspondent on the scene when Nazim Pasha, the Chief of Staff of the military of the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War, was assassinated in Constantinople, making his rendering of the event the only pictorial record of the incident.
Journalist during the First Balkan War in the Bulgarian front.[84]
Published the book With the Bulgarian Staff, New York, 1913.
Barella, Giulio
Italian
B.W.I
Correspondent
Journalist during the First Balkan War in the Montenegro front.[84]
Published the book La guerra turco-balcanica vista e vissuta agli avamposti montenegrini, diario, Venezia, 1913.
Guarino, Eugenio
Italian
B.W.I
Correspondent
Journalist during the First Balkan War in the Montenegro front.[84]
Published the book Nei Balcani durante la guerra, Milano, 1913. He, most likely, was the editor of the antifascist satirical magazine the Becco Giallo in the 1920s.[85]
Journalist during the First Balkan War with the Greek Army.[86]
Born 1882 – died 1970. Son of Greek parents, but himself thoroughly anglicised. From November 1912 to April 1913 he was the correspondent of the Westminster Gazette in Greece, covering the Balkan wars. During the same period he served on the International Committee for the Relief of Turkish Refugees, set up in Salonica. Author of Letters from Greece Concerning the War of the Balkan Allies, 1912–1913, London, 1914 (M. Secker).
Mrs. Jean Leune and Mr. Georges Bourdon of Le Figaro, discover the corpses of seven notables of Serres, in the surroundings of Livounovo. Photo from L'Illustration, 2 August 1913.
^See Κρώφορδ Πράϊς, Οι Βαλκανικοί Αγώνες. Πολιτική και Στρατιωτική Ιστορία των εν Μακεδονία Βαλκανικών Πολέμων (Τυπογραφείον Π.Α. Πετράκου).
^Θάλεια Φλωρά-Καραβία, Εντυπώσεις από τον Πόλεμο του 1912–1913. Μακεδονία-Ήπειρος (Αθήνα: Ίδρυμα Βουλής των Ελλήνων, 2012, επανέκδοση της έκδοσης του 1936), p.84.
^Igor Despot, View from the outside: Memory of foreigners, participants of the Balkan Wars, The Centenary of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913): Contested stances, Vol. I, Ankara, 2014, pp. 427-432.(Turk Tarih Kurumu)
^Campbell, Cyril (13 December 1913). "The Balkan war drama". McBride, Nast & Company. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via HathiTrust.
^With the Turks in Thrace (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1913), p. 244.
^Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis; Ashmead-Bartlett, Seabury (13 December 1913). "With the Turks in Thrace". New York, Doran. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.
^Fox, Frank (13 May 2012). "The Balkan Peninsula". Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Project Gutenberg.
^ abLeon Trotsky, Lev Davidovič Trockij. The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky. The Balkan wars, 1912–13 (New York: Monad Press, 1980), pp. xiv-xv.
^Avigdor Levy. "The Siege of Edirne (1912–1913) as Seen by a Jewish Eyewitness" in Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History, Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Century (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), p 153.
^Igor Despot. The Balkan Wars in the Eyes of the Warring Parties: Perceptions and Interpretations (iUniverse, 2012), pp. 161–162 and footnote 601.
^ abcIgor Despot, View from the outside: Memory of foreigners, participants of the Balkan Wars, The Centenary of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913): Contested stances, Vol. I, Ankara, 2014, pp. 427–432. (Turk Tarih Kurumu)
^See the Italian version of the Becco Giallo wiki article.
^Igor Despot, View from the outside: Memory of foreigners, participants of the Balkan Wars, The Centenary of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913): Contested stances, Vol. I, Ankara, 2014, p. 430. (Turk Tarih Kurumu)
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