Jingoism

The American War-Dog, a 1916 political cartoon by Oscar Cesare, with the dog named "Jingo"

Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests.[1] Colloquially, jingoism is excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism (cf. chauvinism and ultranationalism).

Etymology

The chorus of a song by the songwriter G. W. Hunt, popularized by the singer G. H. MacDermott – which was commonly sung in British pubs and music halls around the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 – gave birth to the term.[2][3][4] The lyrics included this chorus:

We don't want to fight but by Jingo if we do
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too
We've fought the Bear before, and while we're Britons true
The Russians shall not have Constantinople!

The capture of Constantinople was a long-standing Russian strategic aim, since it would have given the Russian Navy, based in the Black Sea, unfettered access to the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (known as the "Turkish Straits"); conversely, the British were determined to block the Russians, in order to protect their own access to India. At the time when the above song was composed and sung, the Russians were nearing their goal, through the Treaty of San Stefano; eventually, the British were able to push the Russians back by means of diplomatic pressure and the threat of war.

The phrase "by Jingo" was a minced oath, scarcely documented in writing, used in place of "by Jesus". The term may derive from Basque Jinkoa: "God".[5]

Use of the specific term "jingoism" stems from its coinage by prominent British radical George Holyoake, as a political label, in a letter to the Daily News on 13 March 1878.[6][7][8]

Examples

In the 1880s, Henry Hyndman, leader of the Social Democratic Federation, turned against internationalism, and promoted a version of Socialism mixed with nationalism and antisemitism,[9] even to the point of attacking fellow Socialist Eleanor Marx in antisemitic terms, noting that she had "inherited in her nose and mouth the Jewish type from Karl Marx himself". When taking part in the breakaway group which founded the Socialist League, Eleanor Marx wrote polemics in which she characterized Hyndman and his followers as "The Jingo Party".[10]

British artillery major-general Thomas Bland Strange, one of the founders of the Canadian Army and one of the divisional commanders during the 1885 North-West Rebellion, was an eccentric and temperamental soldier who gained the nickname "Jingo Strange" and titled his 1893 autobiography Gunner Jingo's Jubilee.[11][12]

Probably the first uses of the term in the U.S. press occurred in connection with the proposed annexation of Hawaii in 1893, after a coup led by foreign residents, mostly Americans, and assisted by the U.S. minister in Hawaii, overthrew the constitutional monarchy and declared a republic. Republican president Benjamin Harrison and Republicans in the U.S. Senate were frequently accused of jingoism in the Democratic press for supporting annexation.[13]

Theodore Roosevelt was frequently accused of jingoism. In an article on 23 October 1895 in The New York Times, Roosevelt stated, "There is much talk about 'jingoism'. If by 'jingoism' they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers, then we are 'jingoes'."[14]

In Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell decries the tactics of political journalists and wishes for introduction of aeroplanes into war in order to finally see "a jingo with a bullet hole in him."[15]

The policy of appeasement toward Hitler led to satirical references to the disappearance of such jingoistic attitudes when facing German aggression. A cartoon by E. H. Shepard titled "The Old-Fashioned Customer" appeared on 28 March 1938 issue of Punch. Set in a record shop, John Bull asks the record seller (Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain): "I wonder if you've got a song I remember about not wanting to fight, but if we do... something, something, something ... we've got the money too?". On the wall is a portrait of Lord Salisbury.[16]

The rhetoric of North Korea has been described as jingoist.[17][18][19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Catherine Soanes, ed. (2006). Compact Oxford English Dictionary for University and College Students. Oxford: University Press. p. 546.
  2. ^ ""By Jingo": Macdermott's War Song (1878)". Cyberussr.com. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  3. ^ "By Jingo". Davidkidd.net. Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  4. ^ Pears, Edwin (1916). Forty Years in Constantinople, The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears 1873–1915 (1 ed.). London: Herbert Jenkins Limited. p. 27. Retrieved 10 June 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary [1]
  6. ^ McCarthy, Justin (1881). A History of Our Own Times: From the Accession of Queen Victoria to the General Elections of 1880. Vol. IV. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 473. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Holyoake, George Jacob (1892). Sixty Years of An Agitator's Life. Vol. II. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 216–218. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  8. ^ Ceadel, Martin (2000). Semi-detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-19-924117-1.
  9. ^ Virdee, Satnam (8 August 2017). "Socialist antisemitism and its discontents in England, 1884–98". Patterns of Prejudice. 51 (3–4): 356–373. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2017.1335029.Open access icon (page 363)
  10. ^ Eleanor Marx letter to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 1 January 1885, quoted in Holmes, Rachel (2014). Eleanor Marx - A Life. London: Bloomsbury. p. 223.
  11. ^ Strange, Thomas Bland (1893). Gunner Jingo's Jubilee. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Macleod, R.C. (1988). "Thomas Bland Strange". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (new edition with an introduction by R.C. Macleod ed.). Edmonton.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Kansas City Times, 14 February 1893, p. 4 editorial: "Jingoism pure and simple."
  14. ^ "For An Honest Election" (PDF). The New York Times. 23 October 1895. Retrieved 30 September 2012. The reference is found halfway down the article.
  15. ^ Orwell, George (1938). Homage to Catalonia.
  16. ^ Charmley, John (1999). Chamberlain and the Lost Peace. Ivan R. Dee. p. 61. ISBN 9781461720928.
  17. ^ "North Korea scales down jingoism on 70th birthday". DW. 9 September 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  18. ^ "The strategic incoherence of copying North Korea". Orange County Register. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  19. ^ Lee, Chung Min (13 May 2020). "A Peninsula of Paradoxes: South Korean Public Opinion on Unification and Outside Powers". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 23 August 2022.