Hoary fox

Hoary fox
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Lycalopex
Species:	L. vetulus
Binomial name
	Lycalopex vetulus; (Lund, 1842)
	Hoary fox range
Synonyms
	Pseudoalopex vetulus; Dusicyon vetulus

The hoary fox or hoary zorro (Lycalopex vetulus), also known as raposinha-do-campo in Brazil (Portuguese for "little fox of the meadow"), is a species of zorro or "false" fox endemic to Brazil. Unlike many other foxes, it feeds primarily on small invertebrates such as insects.

Description

The hoary fox has a short muzzle, small teeth, a short coat, and slender limbs. The upper part of the body is grey, and the underside of the body is cream or fawn. The tail is black on the tip with a marked dark stripe along the upper surface, which in male animals may extend all the way along the back to the nape of the neck. The ears and outside part of the legs are reddish or tawny, and the lower jaw is black. Some melanistic individuals have also been reported.^[3]^[4]

It is small for a fox, weighing only 3 to 4 kg (6.6 to 8.8 lb), with a head and body length of 58 to 72 cm (23 to 28 in), and a tail 25 to 36 cm (9.8 to 14.2 in). Together with its slender form, the small size of the hoary fox makes it an agile and fast-running animal, while its relatively weak teeth adapt it to feeding on invertebrates, rather than larger prey.^[4]

Behaviour and diet

Hoary foxes are nocturnal,^[5] and largely solitary outside of the breeding season. They mainly eat insects, especially termites, dung beetles, and grasshoppers,^[6] but also may eat rodents, small birds, and fruit. Individuals have widely varying home ranges, depending on the local environment and reported examples are as follows: 385 ha (950 acres) for 1 adult female in southern Bahia, 456 ha (1,130 acres) for a group consisting of an adult breeding pair and 5 juvenile offspring in a pasture of Minas Gerais, and 48 ha (120 acres) for 2 breeding pairs out of 3 study groups from pastures in eastern Mato Grosso.^[4]

Range

The hoary fox is endemic to Brazil and its geographic distribution is associated with the limits of the Cerrado ecosystem, in an altitude range of 90–1,100 mm. ^[4] However, it can also be found in transition zones, including open habitats in the Pantanal. The occurrence of the hoary fox in areas of the Atlantic Forest is in a matrix of anthropogenic pastures, regionally interspersed by remnants of semideciduous forest and small patches of Cerrado.^[7]

The current extension extends from the northeast and west of São Paulo to the north of Piauí, passing through the states of Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Tocantins, Bahia and probably open regions in the south of the states of Rondônia.^{[citation needed]}

Reproduction

Females usually give birth to two to four pups in August to September, after a gestation period around 50 days.^[4] The sex ratio of the pups is equal between males and females.^[5] The female prepares a den in which to give birth, sometimes using the burrows of other animals. Weaning occurs around 4 months of age.^[4] Both parent participate in rearing of the pups.^[5]

References

^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Lemos, F.G.; Azevedo, F.C.; Paula, R.C.; Dalponte, J.C. (2020). "Lycalopex vetulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6926A87695615. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6926A87695615.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ "Lycalopex vetulus". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Julio C., Dalponte (2009). "Lycalopex vetulus (Carnivora: Canidae)". Mammalian Species. 847: 1–7. doi:10.1644/847.1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Courtenay, O.; et al. (2006). "First observations on South America's largely insectivorous canid: the hoary fox (Pseudalopex vetulus)". Journal of Zoology. 268 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00021.x.
^ "Lycalopex vetulus (Hoary fox)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Dalponte, J. C.; Oliveira, J. S.; Lacerda, A. C. R. (2018). "Occurrence of Lycalopex vetulus (Carnivora, Canidae) in the Cerrado-Amazon forest ecotone and Pantanal". Acta Zoológica Platense. 18: 1–10. Retrieved 19 July 2021.

[msw3-1] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-2] Lemos, F.G.; Azevedo, F.C.; Paula, R.C.; Dalponte, J.C. (2020). "Lycalopex vetulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6926A87695615. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6926A87695615.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[diversity-3] "Lycalopex vetulus". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 30 October 2010.

[Dalponte2009-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Julio C., Dalponte (2009). "Lycalopex vetulus (Carnivora: Canidae)". Mammalian Species. 847: 1–7. doi:10.1644/847.1.

[Courtenay2006-5] Courtenay, O.; et al. (2006). "First observations on South America's largely insectivorous canid: the hoary fox (Pseudalopex vetulus)". Journal of Zoology. 268 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00021.x.

[6] "Lycalopex vetulus (Hoary fox)". Animal Diversity Web.

[Dalponte2018-7] Dalponte, J. C.; Oliveira, J. S.; Lacerda, A. C. R. (2018). "Occurrence of Lycalopex vetulus (Carnivora, Canidae) in the Cerrado-Amazon forest ecotone and Pantanal". Acta Zoológica Platense. 18: 1–10. Retrieved 19 July 2021.

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