Great Wrath

Memorial stone for the Great Wrath in Muhos, Finland

The Great Wrath (Finnish: isoviha, lit. 'the great wrath/hostility', in contemporary sources: venäläisen ylivallan aika, lit. 'era of Russian domination/supremacy'; Swedish: Den Stora Ofreden, lit. 'The Great Unrest') was a period of Finnish history dominated by the Russian invasion and subsequent military occupation of Finland, then part of the Swedish Empire, from 1714 until the Treaty of Nystad (1721), which ended the Great Northern War.

Background

Finland was left largely to fend for itself after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. The Russians laid siege to Viborg in 1710, ultimately seizing the city, and by 1712 had already started their first campaign to capture Finland, which ended in failure.[1] A more organised campaign, beginning in 1713, succeeded at the Battle of Helsinki and drove defending Swedes away from the coast.[2] The Swedish army in Finland was defeated at the Battle of Storkyro (Isokyrö) in February 1714 with a decisive Russian victory.[3] Swedish efforts to hinder the Russian advance by blockading the coastal sea route at Hangö ended in failure in late July at the Battle of Gangut. In the end, the presence of a Russian galley fleet in the Gulf of Bothnia forced both the Swedish fleet and army to largely abandon Finland in late 1714.[4] As a result of the conflict, large areas of Swedish land were destroyed by the Russians, including the city of Umeå, which was burned to the ground on 18 September 1714 and, after struggling to rebuild, was razed again in 1720, 1721, and 1722.

Russian occupation of Finland

After the victory at the Battle of Storkyro, Mikhail Golitsyn was appointed the governor of Finland. Finns began waging partisan warfare against the Russians, and as retaliation, the Finnish peasants were forced to pay large contributions to them, as was the custom at the time. Plundering and raping were widespread, especially in Ostrobothnia and in communities near the major roads. Churches were looted and Isokyrö was burned to the ground. A scorched-earth zone, several hundred kilometres wide, was created by the Russians to hinder Swedish counter-offensives. At least 5,000 Finns were killed and some 10,000 taken away as slaves, of whom only a few thousand would ever return.[5]: 265  According to more recent research, the number of casualties would have been closer to 20,000.[6] Recent research also estimates the number of enslaved children and women to have been closer to 30,000.[7] The most severe of these massacres took place on 29 September 1714, when during one night, the Cossacks killed about 800 inhabitants of the island of Hailuoto with axes.[8] Thousands fled to the relative safety of Sweden with the poorer peasants hiding in the woods to avoid the occupiers and their press gangs.[9] The atrocities were at their peak between 1714 and 1717 when the Swedish Count Gustaf Otto Douglas, who had defected to the Russian side during the war, was in charge of the occupation.

In addition, Finland was struck by the plague. In Helsinki, 1,185 people died: nearly two-thirds of the city's population. The plague had already struck Finland before the Russian invasion, sapping the strength of Sweden in Finland.[9]

Atrocities

Many torture methods were used, including hanging captives by the wrists with their hands behind their backs, exposing them to freezing temperatures, or baking them in ovens. When a man named Esko Juhonpoika Eskonsipo returned to Oulunsalo in 1716, only a few of his acquaintances were alive, and "they were also tortured until they were weak". He found the corpses of children as well as tortured people languishing in pain, eventually dying from their injuries. According to Professor Kustaa H. J. Vilkuna [fi], many authentic sources depict the torture. It was not rare for females of any age to be raped and taken as long-term sex slaves. Children, in particular, were taken to Russia as prisoners.[10]

The main reason for the torture was to get information about Finns' money stashes. Finns were forced to reveal the caches, and afterwards they were usually killed. Peter the Great had also twice ordered the destruction of North Ostrobothnia into wasteland, making the conditions impossible for the Swedish army to live in. In Porvoo, corpses of the locals were put on display as early as 1708, some of which had their genitals burned. Typically, all the houses except the soldiers' quarters were burned. Everyone in Kirkonkylä [fi] would be killed.[10]

Peasants were slaughtered at Raahe's market square. Matti Puusti laid wounded for the town to see, which lasted for three days before he died. His wife Marjatta was whipped multiple times and later underwent further, more extreme torture in 1716. The peasants were stripped naked and whipped with lead-tipped knotted whips. On some occasions they were made to stand naked in the snow, their backs burned with birch and their eyes blinded with burning tallow.[10]

Cossack Stones were laid when a Cossack has given orders of destruction, or when a Cossack was shot or killed by the Finnish.[11]

Enslavement

The Russian military abducted and enslaved a number of people, many of whom were trafficked via Russia and the Crimean slave trade to Persia and the Middle East, where blonde people were exotic; between 20,000 and 30,000 people are estimated to have been abducted[12] and about a quarter of the Finnish farm houses were reportedly empty at the end of the occupation.[13] Between 10,000 and 20,000 people were taken to serve as slave labourers during the building of Saint Petersburg.[5] Approximately 2,000 men were forcibly enlisted in the Russian army,[14] but many women and children were also abducted as serfs or sex slaves by Russian officers, who in some cases sold them on to the Crimean slave trade; about 4,600 people, the majority of whom were children, were abducted from Ostrobothnia and Eastern Finland.[6] Many of the Swedish citizens captured and sold by Russian soldiers ended up via the Crimean slave trade in the slave market of Constantinople, where the Swedish ambassador to Constantinople managed to buy the freedom of some, many of whom were women.[15]

Consequences

It took several decades for the Finnish population and economy to recover after the peace in 1721. At that point, Finland was scourged again during the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743, although less devastatingly. Ostrobothnia was destroyed to create a 100-kilometre (62 mi) buffer zone of wasteland.[11][better source needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mattila 1983, pp. 27–33.
  2. ^ Mattila 1983, pp. 33–35.
  3. ^ Mattila 1983, p. 35.
  4. ^ Mattila 1983, pp. 38–46.
  5. ^ a b Zetterberg, Seppo, ed. (1990). Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. ISBN 978-951-0-14253-0.
  6. ^ a b Helsingin Sanomat monthly supplement 7/2009, pp. 28–33. (in Finnish)
  7. ^ Kurki-Suonio, Ossi (23 October 2015). "Historioitsija: Synkkyyden Suomi kärsi orjuudesta jopa enemmän kuin mikään Afrikan maa". Uusi Suomi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  8. ^ Kaitasuo, Pia (15 August 2015). "Pietari Suuren synkkä tuhon kylvö". Kaleva (in Finnish). No. 221. pp. 34–35.
  9. ^ a b "stora ofreden". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Svenska folkskolans vänner. 4 June 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  10. ^ a b c Aittokoski, Heikki (7 August 2021). "Täystuhon jäljillä". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  11. ^ a b Bo Realis (25 January 2023). "The Great Wrath". Daily Kos. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  12. ^ Vilkuna, Kustaa H. J. (2005). Viha. Perikato, katkeruus ja kertomus isostavihasta (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 120. ISBN 978-951-746-784-1.
  13. ^ Tarkiainen, Kari (2022). Moskovalainen. Ruotsi, Suomi ja Venäjä 1478–1721 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 304–310. ISBN 978-951-858-576-6.
  14. ^ Karonen, Petri (1999). Pohjoinen suurvalta. Ruotsi ja Suomi 1521–1809 (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. ISBN 951-0-23739-6.
  15. ^ Karolinska förbundets årsbok (in Swedish). Karolinska förbundet. 1991. pp. 7–10.

Bibliography

  • Mattila, Tapani (1983). Meri maamme turvana [Sea Safeguarding Our Country] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö. ISBN 978-951-99487-0-6.
  • Ericson Wolke, Lars (2003). Svenska slagfält (in Swedish). Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN 978-91-46-20225-7.