Independence of Finland

The Finnish Senate of 1917, Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud in the head of the table. Note the portrait of Alexander I of Russia in the background

Finland declared its independence on 6 December 1917. The formal Declaration of Independence was only part of the long process leading to the independence of Finland.

History

Proclamation of Empress Elizabeth (1742)

The subject of an independent Finland was first mentioned in the 18th century, when present-day Finland was still ruled by Sweden. On 18 March 1742, during the Russian occupation in the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), Empress Elizabeth of Russia issued a proclamation in the Finnish language to the Finnish people asking them to create a Finland which would be independent from both Sweden and Russia.[1] This led to preparations to create a Kingdom of Finland in 1742. Elizabeth's nephew Duke Peter of Holstein-Gottorp (who later became heir to the throne of Russia and Tsar as Peter III) was proclaimed King of Finland. However, the political situation outgrew the idea of a Finnish kingdom and the concept quickly evaporated.[2]

Anjala conspiracy (1788)

The Anjala conspiracy was a scheme in 1788–1790 as a response to end Gustav III's Russian War, and it included the independence of Finland to some degree. Several people involved were linked to Walhalla-orden. Russian occupations and plundering of 1713–21 (the "Greater Wrath") (Finnish: Isoviha) and 1741–43 (the "Lesser Wrath") (Finnish: Pikkuviha) were still in vivid memory when Finns waged partisan warfare against the Russians.

Georg Magnus Sprengtporten, who took no direct part in the conspiracy, had written a proposal for a Finnish constitution [fi] in 1786. Sprengtporten later had a role in forming the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire, as he became the first Governor-General of Finland after Sweden ceded the rest of Finland to Russia in 1809 at the conclusion of the Finnish War.[3]

Rise of national identity

Hyökkäys by Eetu Isto, 1905, was a symbol of Russification, with the Maiden of Finland defending the law against the Russian eagle.

According to professor Martti Häikiö, before a nation declares independence, it must develop a national identity and certain institutions.[4] Governing bodies for Finland were developed after 1809, when it was "elevated as a nation among nations" (as declared by Tsar Alexander I) by becoming an autonomous Grand Duchy under the Russian tsar. The Diet of Finland met regularly from 1863.

National identity grew simultaneously with Pan-European nationalism. Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Elias Lönnrot created an idealized image of Finnish people and Finnish nature in the 1830s and 1840s.[5] Also J. V. Snellman was a central person in national romanticism and the modern nationality debate. He encouraged the use of the Finnish language (instead of Swedish) among the educated classes during Finland's language strife.[6] The Finnish markka was introduced as currency in 1860 by the Bank of Finland, which Snellman pegged to silver instead of the ruble.[6] During the famine of 1866–1868, Snellman worked to obtain aid and distribute it in a country with low resources and undeveloped communications.[6]

Elisabeth Järnefelt held the literary salon Järnefelts skola (Järnefelt School), which became a center of the Fennoman movement. During the time 1880–1910 the golden age of Finnish art coincided with the national awakening. The central figure of the time was Akseli Gallen-Kallela. Other notable people were Aleksis Kivi and Albert Edelfelt.

The Fennoman motto was:

Swedes we are no more,
Russians we cannot become,
therefore Finns we must be.[7]

The first period of Russification of Finland (Finnish: Ensimmäinen sortokausi) began in 1899 with the February Manifesto, a legislative act given by Nicholas II, when Nikolay Bobrikov was Governor-General of Finland.[8][9][10] As a response, the cultural address Pro Finlandia was gathered with 523,000 names, and a delegation of 500 people was sent to Saint Petersburg to deliver it.[11] The Kagal resistance movement formed at this time. In 1901 Russia tried to alter the nature of the Finnish army with a new conscription law, which demanded that Finns not only defend Finland, but also fight for Russia on any front. Finnish resistance grew into a mass movement, and only half of the eligible men reported for duty.[12] Bobrikov was shot in 1904 by Eugen Schauman, who shot himself afterwards.[9][13] The Finnish newspaper Päivälehti, which had been censored before, was closed permanently as a result of an editorial written about the assassination. Jean Sibelius composed In Memoriam in memory of Schauman.[13] The steamship SS John Grafton unsuccessfully attempted to smuggle large quantities of arms for the Finnish resistance during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The Finnish general strike of 1905 temporarily halted russification.

A drawing by an unknown artist about the assassination of Nikolay Bobrikov by Eugen Schauman

During 1905–1908 Leo Mechelin formed a government and created a liberal democracy with the universal right to vote and be elected. In 1906, the unicameral Parliament of Finland was created, with universal and equal suffrage.[14] However, the power of the parliament was limited by the tsar from 1908 to 1916.

The second period of Russification of Finland (Finnish: Toinen sortokausi) in 1908 and World War I led activist groups to unite. Under Franz Albert Seyn, Bobrikov's successor as Governor-General, all legislation was moved to the Russian State Duma, which then pushed for laws restricting Finnish autonomy. Russia demanded higher payments and the Senate of Finland was replaced with the admiral-senate or saber-senate.[15] Nicholas II pushed for complete russification and the end of Finnish autonomy in 1914, but this was halted by the beginning of the First World War. The Jäger Movement was formed and sent first 200, and later 1900, Finnish volunteers to Germany to be trained as Jägers (elite light infantry) for armed resistance.[16] The Finnish Jägers formed the 27th Jäger Battalion and were eventually sent to Libau to fight against the Russian Empire. Sibelius composed the Jäger March on lyrics written by Heikki Nurmio, who served in the 27th Battalion.[17]

Discussions in 1917

Revolution in Russia

The February and October Revolutions in 1917 ignited hope in the Grand Duchy of Finland. After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 2 March (15 March N.S.) 1917, the personal union between Russia and Finland lost its legal base – at least according to the view in Helsinki – as he was the Grand Duke of Finland. Negotiations began between the Russian Provisional Government and Finnish authorities.

Power act

The resulting proposal, approved by the Russian Provisional Government, was heavily rewritten in the Finnish Parliament and transformed into the so-called Power Act (Finnish: Valtalaki, Swedish: Maktlagen), whereby the Parliament declared[18] itself to now hold all powers of legislation, except with respect to foreign policy and military issues, and also declared that it could be dissolved only by itself. At the time of the vote it was believed that the Provisional Government would be quickly defeated by the rebellion in Saint Petersburg. The Provisional Government survived, however, and disapproved of the Power Act and dissolved the Finnish Parliament.[citation needed]

After new elections and the ultimate defeat of the Provisional Government in the October Revolution, the Finnish Parliament decided to create a three-man regency council,[19] based on Finland's Constitution, and more precisely on §38 of the old Instrument of Government of 1772, which had been enacted by the Estates after Gustav III's bloodless coup. This paragraph provided for the election of a new monarch in case of the extinction of the royal line and was interpreted in Finland as vesting sovereignty in the Estates, later the Parliament, during such an interregnum. The regency council was never elected, however, because of the strong opposition of Finnish socialists and their general strike of 1917 which demanded more radical action.[citation needed]

On 2 November (15 November N.S.) 1917, the Bolsheviks declared a general right of self-determination, including the right of complete secession, "for the Peoples of Russia". On the same day, the Finnish Parliament issued a declaration by which it assumed, pro tempore, all the powers of the Sovereign in Finland.[20]

The old Instrument of Government was, however, no longer deemed suitable. Leading circles had long held that monarchism and hereditary nobility were antiquated, and advocated a republican constitution for Finland.[citation needed]

The Declaration and 15 November

Main article: Finnish Declaration of Independence
Image of the Declaration in Finnish with the senators' signatures
Image of the Declaration in Swedish with the senators' signatures

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud formed a Senate which started on 27 November 1917. Its goal was to execute independence as soon as possible. The Senate returned to the Parliament with a Declaration of Independence and proposal for a new republican Instrument of Government on 4 December.[21] The Declaration of Independence was technically given the form of a preamble of the proposition, and was intended to be agreed upon by the Parliament. Parliament adopted the Declaration on 6 December with 100 votes against 88.[22][23]

With reference to the declaration of 15 November, the new declaration says:

The people of Finland have by this step taken their fate in their own hands; a step both justified and demanded by present conditions. The people of Finland feel deeply that they cannot fulfil their national and international duty without complete sovereignty. The century-old desire for freedom awaits fulfilment now; Finland's people step forward as a free nation among the other nations in the world. ... The people of Finland dare to confidently await how other nations in the world recognize that with their full independence and freedom, the people of Finland can do their best in fulfilment of those purposes that will win them a place amongst civilized peoples.

International recognition

Svinhufvud immediately asked Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, and France to recognize Finland's independence. The West, however, said they would wait until the former ruler, Russia, recognized the declaration. They told Svinhufvud to talk to Lenin's Bolshevik Government. Svinhufvud was hesitant to do this, as he did not want to recognize the Bolsheviks as the legal rulers of Russia. Besides, he thought that the Bolshevik government would probably fall soon. So the parliament decided to ask for recognition from the Russian Constituent Assembly. Germany, which was in middle of peace negotiations with Soviet Russia, pressured Finns to talk to Lenin and the Council of People's Commissars. Svinhufvud followed their advice, as Finland wanted Germany's recognition as soon as possible.[24]

On 18 December (31 December N.S.), the Soviet Russian government issued a decree recognizing Finland's independence,[25] and on 22 December (4 January 1918 N.S.) it was approved by the highest Soviet executive body, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK).[26] This is how the meeting is told in Svinhufvud's biography, Svinhufvud ja itsenäisyyssenaatti written by Erkki Räikkönen:

After trying in vain to meet the Soviets on December 30, 1917 - then Sunday - the next day, the delegation managed to submit this letter to Lenin's secretary, and in the evening at 9 o'clock it went to Smolny to hear the decision. "We waited a couple of hours in the big hallway and sat at the corner of the table," says Svinhufvud, "and we had the furs on and the caps on hand, because they didn't dare leave them." Smolna was busy despite the late hours. Guests came and went, typists ran down the hallways, even toddlers on the floor. On several occasions, Enckell tried to rush to the Soviet government's head of office, Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich, but nothing helped. "We could only see", says Enckell, "how in one room the People's Commissars sat in thick tobacco smoke and probably pondered our case." Despite the fact that the furs were on, it became cold in the hallway while waiting. Finally, almost at midnight, Bonch-Bruyevich brought the decision of the Board of Commissioners.

It was worded as follows: "We rose one after another and signed with special satisfaction the recognition of Finland's independence," writes I. Steinberg, who was a justice commissioner in Lenin's government. "We knew that Finland's current hero Svinhufvud, once sent to exile by the tsar, was our public social enemy. and that he would not spare any of us in the future. But if we free the Finnish people from the oppression of Russia, there will be one less historical injustice in the world." Despite the fact that this letter merely announced the proposed recognition of Finland's independence, it actually meant full recognition of independence, as the confirmation of the Executive Committee was only a formality. Thus, in the last hour of the last day of the year, Finland had received an official certificate of resignation from Russia. After handing over this formal declaration of independence to the delegation, Bonch-Bruyevich planned to say goodbye and leave, but then Enckell pointed out: "When the Chairman of the Finnish Government is here, would it not be desirable for him to meet Lenin in person and express his gratitude to the Finnish people for the recognition of their independence.

Bonch-Bruyevich now went back to the commissioners' room, informing the commissioners that Svinhufvud was waiting in the hallway and wanted to thank Lenin. This resulted in great confusion, Lenin shrugged, laughed a little embarrassed, and refused. "What can I say to those bourgeoisie!" It was then suggested that Leon Trotsky go to greet the guests, but he too refused sharply. It was finally invented that Justice Commissioner Steinberg should agree to the request. "What can I tell them," he asked and continued: "I could only arrest them in my post!" Trotsky laughed cunningly at this: "Like you would capture!" Now Bonch-Bruyevich was nervous. He interrupted the play and again asked Lenin to go out to greet the Finns. In a worn suit and head presses, Lenin was now following Bonch-Bruyevich, while the hall was still laughing and counting dives. "Lenin came and held out his hand to us, and we introduced him to Svinhufvud," says Enckell of this historic scene, adding that "Lenin squeezed Svinhufvud's hand cordially." "Are you satisfied now?" Lenin asked. "Very satisfied," replied Svinhufvud. "Russia was spoken there and answered in Russian," says Svinhufvud, adding that "it only said a sad thank you for the letter of resignation." The Finns left now. Svinhufvud, Enckell, and Idman rushed quickly to the Secretary of State's Office. A typewritten copy of the recognition of independence was urgently taken there, after which we left for the station and from there continued by train to Finland. A few days later, the Russian Central Executive Committee confirmed the recognition of Finland's independence, which was thus finally decided for Russia.[27]

The independence of Finland was recognized after that by Germany, Sweden, and France on 4 January 1918, by Norway and Denmark on 10 January, and by Austria-Hungary on 13 January.[28]

Organizing a new country

The meeting of the Finnish Parliament's Constitutional Law Committee in Säätytalo in 1918

Hardship burdened the common people, resulting in polarization, and soon ignited the Civil War. The declaration actually addresses this problem:

The Government will approach foreign powers to seek the recognition of our political independence. All the complications, famine and unemployment ensuing from the present external isolation make it urgent for the Government to tie direct contacts with foreign powers without delay. Urgent, concrete assistance in the form of necessities for living and industry is our only rescue from imminent famine and industrial standstill.

Many of the necessary ministries and authorities had been founded during years of autonomy, and they continued their activities perhaps after a change of name. The Bank of Finland had the same position as before. As pilotage has military significance, the National pilot office had been subjected to russification. The National Board of Navigation, later called the Finnish Maritime Administration, was founded 15 December 1917, and piloting became its responsibility.[29][30]

The attempt to establish a monarchy in Finland failed and in 1919 Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg became the first president. The first parliamentary elections were held in March 1919.

List of recognition

The decision of the Soviet of the People's Comissars' to recognise Finnish independence, signed by Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Petrovsky, Joseph Stalin, Isaac Steinberg, Vladimir Karelin, and Alexander Schlichter
State[31] Date [31]
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 4 January 1918
 France 4 January 1918
 Sweden 4 January 1918
 German Empire 4 January 1918
 Kingdom of Greece 5 January 1918
 Norway 10 January 1918
 Denmark 10 January 1918
  Switzerland 11 January 1918
 Austria-Hungary 13 January 1918
 Netherlands 28 January 1918
 Spain 21 February 1918
 Ottoman Empire 21 February 1918
 Kingdom of Bulgaria 21 February 1918
 Holy See 2 March 1918
 Argentina 11 May 1918
 Persia 23 July 1918
 Siam 9 October 1919
 Poland 8 March 1919
 United Kingdom 6 May 1919
 United States 7 May 1919
 Japan 23 May 1919
 Belgium 10 June 1919
 Chile 17 June 1919
 Peru 23 June 1919
 Kingdom of Italy 27 June 1919
 Uruguay 18 August 1919
 Liechtenstein 27 October 1919
 Portugal 19 December 1919
 Brazil 26 December 1919
 Colombia 31 December 1919
 Kingdom of Romania 8 April 1920
 Venezuela 18 April 1920
 Panama 17 May 1920
 Ecuador 25 June 1920
 Mexico 13 July 1920
 Kingdom of Hungary 23 August 1920
 Paraguay 3 June 1921
 Luxembourg 25 October 1921
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia [32] 27 July 1922
 Afghanistan 17 July 1928
 Kingdom of Albania 1 December 1928
 Chile 20 February 1931

National symbols

The Maiden of Finland and the blue and white flag

From several suggestions, the parliament selected a blue and white flag, which was flown over the house of parliament on 28 May 1918.[33] The coat of arms of Finland, with a crowned lion on a red field had existed since Swedish rule.[34]

Selection of the national anthem divided social classes. The conservatives preferred "Maamme" by Runeberg and Pacius, while the working class was singing "La Marseillaise" and "The Internationale". After the Whites won the Finnish Civil War, "Maamme" was chosen.

Finland's Independence Day was declared to be 6 December and a national holiday. The bill to make Finland a republic was passed by the Diet in 1919.

Commemoration

The 90th anniversary of Finland's Declaration of Independence was selected as the main motif for the €5 90th Anniversary of Finland's Declaration of Independence commemorative coin, minted in 2007. The reverse shows petroglyph aesthetics, while the obverse has a nine-oar boat with rowers as a symbol of collaboration. Musical symbols and Finnish kantele strings are also included in the coin's design.

See also

References

  1. ^ Szíj, Enikő (1979). Finnország (in Hungarian). Budapest: Panoráma. p. 56. ISBN 963-243-111-1.
  2. ^ Singleton, Fred (1998). A Short History of Finland. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780521647014.
  3. ^ "Sprengtporten, Georg Magnus (1740–1819)". Biografiakeskus. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  4. ^ Haikio, Martti. "Kansakunta itsenäistyy – näkökulmia Suomen valtiollisen itsenäistymisen 100-vuotisjuhlan viettoon". itsenaisyys100 (in Finnish). Helsingin Suomalainen Klubi. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  5. ^ Klinge, Matti. "Runeberg, Johan Ludvig (1804–1877)". The National Biography of Finland. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Klinge, Matti. "Snellman, Johan Vilhelm (1806–1881)". The National Biography of Finland. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  7. ^ Kari Tarkiainen: Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, in Matti Klinge (ed.): Suomen kansallisbiografia 1. SKS, Helsinki 2003, ISBN 951-746-442-8 (page 406)
  8. ^ Johnson, A.; Bickford, C., Hudson, W., Dole, N. Cyclopedic Review of Current History. Volume 9. Garretson, Cox & Co. 1899 page 198 and following
  9. ^ a b Kauffman, George B.; Niinistö, Lauri (1998). "Chemistry and Politics: Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855–1921)". The Chemical Educator. 3 (5): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s00897980247a.
  10. ^ "1899. The Collection of Decrees of the Grand Duchy of Finland. No 3". Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  11. ^ "Pro Finlandia". Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  12. ^ "The Russian Empire". Finland: A Country Study. Library of Congress. 1988. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Other orchestral works / In Memoriam". Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  14. ^ "Parliamentarism in Finland". Finland.fi. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  15. ^ Tyynilä, Markku. "Historiaa: Amiraalisenaatin oikeusosasto". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  16. ^ "The Finnish Jaeger Movement". Riga, Latvia: Embassy of Finland.
  17. ^ "The war and the fifth symphony 1915-1919". Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  18. ^ "Hallituksen esitykseen, joka sisältää ehdotuksen laiksi erinäisten asiain siirtämisestä Suomen senaatin ja kenraalikuvernöörin ratkaistavaksi" (in Finnish). 25 July 1917. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  19. ^ Kirby, D. G. (1980). Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0816658022.
  20. ^ "Eduskunta". Suomi 80 (in Finnish). Tampere University. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  21. ^ "Tiistaina 4. p. joulukuuta – Hallituksen puheenjohtajan lausunto Suomen valtiollisen itsenäisyyden toteuttamisesta". Toiset valtiopäivät 1917, Pöytäkirjat, osa I (in Finnish). Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino. 1918. p. 310–311.
  22. ^ Jussila, Osmo; Hentilä, Seppo; Nevakivi, Jukka (1999). From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 103. ISBN 0 8093 9112 0.
  23. ^ Manninen, Ohto (1992). Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Valtionarkisto. Part I: Irti Venäjästä, p. 227.
  24. ^ Hajo Holborn (1969). A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945. Princeton University Press. p. 492. ISBN 0-691-05359-6.
  25. ^ "Primary Documents – Soviet Recognition of Finland's Independence, 18 December 1917". First World War.com. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  26. ^ "On This Day – 4 January 1918". First World War.com. Retrieved 20 August 2016. Eastern front: Bolshevik Government recognises independence of Finland.
  27. ^ Erkki Räikkönen: Svinhufvud ja itsenäisyyssenaatti : piirteitä P. E. Svinhufvudin ja hänen johtamansa senaatin toiminnasta ja vaiheista syksyllä 1917 ja keväällä 1918. Otava, 1935.
  28. ^ Szíj Enikő (1979). Finnország. Budapest: Panoráma. p. 93. ISBN 963-243-111-1.
  29. ^ "Autonomian ajan viranomaiset". Arkistojen portti (in Finnish). Archives of Finland. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  30. ^ "Finland – International Hydrographic Review". Centre for Digital Scholarship Journals. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Suomi ulkomailla". Finland abroad. 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  32. ^ Janne Ridanpää (6 December 2020). Maailmanympärimatka Helsingissä suurlähetystöt ja niiden historia. Helsinki: Otava. p. 152. ISBN 978-952-5805-86-4.
  33. ^ "Quirks of history: Finnish flag created in a restaurant back room?". Suomifinland100. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  34. ^ "Coat of Arms". finland.fi. Retrieved 26 December 2016.