GRB 221009A

GRB 221009A
Ten-hour timelapse of GRB 221009A, as seen by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Event typeGamma-ray burst
Datec. 1.9 billion years ago
(detected 9 October 2022)
Duration10 minutes
InstrumentSwift and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
ConstellationSagitta
Right ascension19h 13m 03.48s
Declination+19° 46′ 24.6″
Distancec. 2.4 billion ly
Redshift0.151
Other designationsSwift J1913.1+1946
  Related media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

GRB 221009A was an extraordinarily bright and very energetic gamma-ray burst (GRB) jointly discovered by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope on October 9, 2022. The gamma-ray burst was ten minutes long,[1] but was detectable for more than ten hours following initial detection.[2][3] Despite being around 2.4 billion light-years away, it was powerful enough to affect Earth's atmosphere, having the strongest effect ever recorded by a gamma-ray burst on the planet.[4][5][6][7][8] The peak luminosity of GRB 221009A was measured by Konus-Wind to be ~ 2.1 × 1047 W and by Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor to be ~ 1.0 × 1047 W over its 1.024s interval.[9] A burst as energetic and as close to Earth as 221009A is thought to be a once-in-10,000-year event.[10][9] It was the brightest and most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded, with some dubbing it the BOAT, or Brightest Of All Time.[9][11][12][13]

Characterization

GRB 221009A came from the constellation of Sagitta and occurred an estimated 1.9 billion years ago,[14] however its source is now 2.4 billion light-years away from Earth due to the expansion of the universe during the time-of-flight to Earth.[15] The burst's high-intensity emissions spanned 15 orders of magnitude on the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio emissions to gamma rays. Radio signals broadcast by the winding down of whatever process created the initial burst will likely linger for years to come.[16] This broadband emission offers the rare opportunity to study normally-fleeting GRBs in great detail.[14][16]

Observation

The burst saturated the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope's detector,[17] which captured gamma ray photons with energies exceeding 100 GeV.[18] GRB 221009A is by far the most productive event for very high-energy (VHE) photons ever witnessed by scientific instrumentation. Before GRB 221009A, the number of very high-energy photons detected over the entire history of GRB astronomy numbered only a few hundred. The burst also marked the first time that very high-energy (VHE) photon emissions from a GRB were detected during the early epoch.[19] When the burst's radiation arrived at Earth the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) alone saw more than 5,000 such VHE photons. Some of these photons arrived at Earth carrying a record 18 TeV of energy,[20][21] which is more than can be produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN).[22][12] Russia's Carpet-2 facility at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory may have also recorded a single 251-TeV photon from this burst.[17] These detected energies are far more than GRB 190114C, which had up to 1 TeV of energy,[23] and GRB 190829A, which had up to 3.3 TeV of energy,[24] with 221009A being the first and only GRB so far to have photons above 10 TeV.[25][26] The burst possibly had the signature of accelerating ultra-high-energy cosmic rays for the first time,[27][28] with one study estimating that if cosmic rays were accelerated by the burst, they probably would have reached energies of 1 ZeV or greater (1021 electronvolts),[29] almost an order of magnitude or greater, than the Oh-My-God particle, which is the highest-energy cosmic ray ever observed.

GRB 221009A was subsequently observed by the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER),[14] the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI), the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE),[30][31][8] the International Gamma-ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), the XMM-Newton space telescope,[32] the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHASSO)[33][34] and many others.[22][35]

Origin

Observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have confirmed that GRB 221009A was caused by a massive star undergoing a supernova.[36] The supernova was a Type Ic supernova, similar to SN 1998bw, the first supernova linked to a GRB.

Lightning detectors in India and Germany picked up signs that the Earth's ionosphere was perturbed for several hours by the burst, though only mildly,[37][17][4] as well as an enormous influx of electrically charged particles,[38] showing just how powerful it was.[39][12] Further, one study described the relativistic jet of this gamma-ray burst as having an unusual structure.[40][41]

Record magnitude

This chart compares GRB 221009A's prompt emission to that of four previous record-holding long gamma-ray bursts.

Some astronomers referred to the burst as the "brightest of all time", or by the acronym "BOAT".[17][42] Dan Perley, an astrophysicist at the Astrophysics Research Institute at Liverpool John Moores University, stated that "There is nothing in human experience that comes anywhere remotely close to such an outpouring of energy. Nothing."[43] Eric Burns, an astronomer at Louisiana State University, also stated about the energy of the burst that "The energy of this thing is so extreme that if you took the entire Sun and you converted all of it into pure energy, it still wouldn't match this event. There's just nothing comparable."[44] The power of gamma-ray bursts may be gauged by the degree of interaction between the gamma rays they emit and the ubiquitous lanes of interstellar dust in deep space. Such interactions generate an afterglow in X-ray frequencies, usually seen as concentric rings of scattered X-rays with the gamma ray burst at the center. GRB 221009A is only the seventh gamma-ray burst known to have generated these rings,[10] and as of March 2023, a record twenty X-ray afterglow rings had been identified around the burst, triple the previous record.[45][10] The afterglow of GRB 221009A was the brightest ever recorded, beating the record of GRB 030329.[46] The burst also had the brightest X-ray afterglow ever recorded,[40] with the X-ray afterglow being around a thousand times brighter than the typical GRB.[39] It also had the brightest UVOT afterglow ever recorded once corrected for extinction.[46] It had the largest amount of energy ever recorded in the TeV range,[47] and had the most energetic photons ever recorded for a GRB, peaking at 18 TeV.[25][20] The burst was ten times brighter than any previous GRB detected by the Swift mission.[48] It was the brightest and most intense GRB detected by KONUS-Wind.[1] The prompt emission of the burst far surpassed anything before it, far exceeding four previous GRB record-holders, as no GRB had been recorded delivering more than 500,000 gamma-ray photons-per-second, yet this GRB peaked at over 6 million photons-per-second.[49] The burst was so bright that it blinded most gamma-ray instruments in space, preventing a true recording of its intensity.[10][50] It was even detected by satellites not designed to detect gamma-ray bursts, such as Voyager 1 and a pair of Mars orbiters.[8] GRB 221009A could have produced multi-TeV gamma rays for more than a week after the prompt phase, with this feature being unique to GRB 221009A,[51] far longer compared to other bursts such as GRB 180720B, which produced multi-TeV gamma rays for ten hours after the prompt phase, and GRB 190829A, which produced multi-TeV gamma rays for nearly three days after the prompt phase.[52]

Despite being around two billion light-years away, the burst was powerful enough to affect Earth's atmosphere, having the strongest effect ever recorded by a gamma-ray burst on the planet.[4] It triggered instruments generally reserved for studying solar flares, with solar physicist Laura Hayes at the ESA stating that it left an "imprint comparable to that of a major solar flare" from the nearby Sun,[53] meaning the burst had the same effect as a solar flare over 100 trillion times closer,[8] with the burst being equivalent to a C3 to M1 class solar flare based on the VLF amplitude increase.[4] Also significant is that the burst was detectable in daytime observations, where solar radiation dominates, as compared to the night-time ionosphere, which is much more sensitive to external disturbances, when solar radiation is not dominating, showing just how large the burst was.[4] It also disrupted longwave radio communications.[54]

With a radiated isotropic-energy of around 1.2×1055 erg[9] or even 3×1055 erg,[55] to as high as 1.4×1057 erg,[56] GRB 221009A, together with events such as 1.5×1053 AT 2021lwx, the 1061 erg MS 0735.6+7421 event, and the 5×1061 erg Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption, are among the most energetic events ever. However, AT 2021lwx occurred over a span of three years, while the eruptions were high-energy low-power events occurring over millions of years as compared to GRB 221009A, which occurred over a minuscule time frame in comparison.[57] In the binary-driven hypernova model, the isotropic total of the burst is its true energy total.[13] Physicist and author Don Lincoln described it as being the "greatest cosmic explosion humanity has ever seen".[12]

Possible pair annihilation

Spectra of GRB 221009A with a peak in two of the intervals in red from possible pair annihilation.

Reanalysis of the data from Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope revealed with 6.2σ significance an emission line 5 minutes after the burst was detected and after it had dimmed enough to end saturation effects of the instruments. The signal persisted for at least 40 seconds, and reached a peak with energy of about 12 MeV and luminosity of about 0.43×1050 erg/s that has been interpreted as electron–positron annihilation blueshifted from the usual 0.511 MeV at which the low-energy case should occur due to strong energy of the relativistic jet which itself can look as a superluminial jet.[58][59]

Relevance to new physics

Through comparison of data collected by different observatories, scientists concluded that the 221009A event was 50 to 70 times brighter than the previous record holder, along with it being far more energetic than the previous record holder.[35][10][41][11] The extremely bright peak and long afterglow may help physicists study the manner in which matter interacts at relativistic speeds, the only known regime capable of generating gamma ray photons with more than 100 GeV of energy.[14] GRB 221009A has enabled scientists to impose stringent limits on any violations of Lorentz invariance proposed in certain theories of quantum gravity.[60][61] Studies of 221009A and similarly extreme events are at present humanity's only access to particles with energies larger than any that can be generated artificially. The close examination of 221009A may eventually yield physical explanations that are neither predicted by nor accounted for in the Standard Model.[17] It has become the most studied gamma-ray burst in history.[62]

  • Near-simultaneous observations were made of GRB221009A from Gemini South in Chile. The image is a combination of 4 exposures in I, J, H, K with two instruments taken in the morning of Friday October 14, 2022.
    Near-simultaneous observations were made of GRB221009A from Gemini South in Chile. The image is a combination of 4 exposures in I, J, H, K with two instruments taken in the morning of Friday, October 14, 2022.[63]
  • Swift's X-ray image of GRB 221009A shows circular rings around the gamma-ray burst. Dust in the Milky Way scattered the x-ray emission of the gamma-ray burst, creating the rings.[29]
    Swift's X-ray image of GRB 221009A shows circular rings around the gamma-ray burst. Dust in the Milky Way scattered the x-ray emission of the gamma-ray burst, creating the rings.[64]
  • Timelapse from images captured over 12 days by the X-ray Telescope aboard NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Rings appear as dust in our galaxy scatter the light back to us.
    Timelapse from images captured over 12 days by the X-ray Telescope aboard NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Rings appear as dust in our galaxy scatter the light back to us.
  • Near-infrared afterglow and host seen by Webb's NIRCam.
    Near-infrared afterglow and host seen by Webb's NIRCam.
  • Near-infrared afterglow and host galaxy. Second brightest gamma-ray GRB 230307A burst photographed by Webb, for comparison.
    Near-infrared afterglow and host galaxy. Second brightest gamma-ray GRB 230307A burst photographed by Webb, for comparison.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Frederiks, D.; Svinkin, D.; Lysenko, A. L.; Molkov, S.; Tsvetkova, A.; Ulanov, M.; Ridnaia, A.; Lutovinov, A. A.; Lapshov, I.; Tkachenko, A.; Levin, V. (May 18, 2023). "Properties of the Extremely Energetic GRB 221009A from Konus-WIND and SRG/ART-XC Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 949 (1): L7. arXiv:2302.13383. Bibcode:2023ApJ...949L...7F. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd1eb. ISSN 2041-8205.
  2. ^ Dichiara, S.; Gropp, J. D.; Kennea, J. A.; Kuin, N. P. M.; Lien, A. Y.; Marshall, F. E.; Tohuvavohu, A.; Williams, M. A.; Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Team (2022). "Swift J1913.1+1946 a new bright hard X-ray and optical transient". The Astronomer's Telegram. 15650: 1. Bibcode:2022ATel15650....1D. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  3. ^ Starr, Michelle (October 12, 2022). "Scientists Just Detected a Colossal Gamma-Ray Burst, And It's a Record-Breaker". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hayes, Laura A.; Gallagher, Peter T. (2023). "A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A". Research Notes of the AAS. 6 (10). American Astronomical Society: 222. arXiv:2210.15284. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ac9d2f. S2CID 253157644.
  5. ^ Piersanti, Mirko; Ubertini, Pietro; Battiston, Roberto; Bazzano, Angela; D'Angelo, Giulia; Rodi, James G.; Diego, Piero; Zeren, Zhima; Ammendola, Roberto; Badoni, Davide; Bartocci, Simona; Beolè, Stefania; Bertello, Igor; Burger, William J.; Campana, Donatella (November 14, 2023). "Evidence of an upper ionospheric electric field perturbation correlated with a gamma ray burst". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7013. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7013P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42551-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10646044. PMID 37963921.
  6. ^ Voshchepynets, Andrii; Agapitov, Oleksiy; Wilson, Lynn; Angelopoulos, Vassilis; Alnussirat, Samer T.; Balikhin, Michael; Hlebena, Myroslava; Korol, Ihor; Larson, Davin; Mitchell, David; Owen, Christopher; Rahmati, Ali; Analysis, Department of System; Theory, Optimization; University, Uzhhorod National (2023). "Multi-Point Detection of the Powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A Propagation through the Heliosphere on October 9, 2022". arXiv:2309.05856 [astro-ph.HE].
  7. ^ Crane, Leah (October 17, 2022). "Astronomers have just watched the most powerful explosion ever seen". New Scientist. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Hensley, Kerry (March 29, 2023). "Focusing on the Brightest Gamma-ray Burst of All Time". AAS Nova. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d Burns, Eric; et al. (2023). "GRB 221009A: The BOAT". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 946 (1): L31. arXiv:2302.14037. Bibcode:2023ApJ...946L..31B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc39c. S2CID 257219686.
  10. ^ a b c d e Reddy, Francis (March 28, 2023). "NASA Missions Study What May Be a 1-In-10,000-Year Gamma-ray Burst". NASA. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  11. ^ a b Ionescu, Andrei (June 11, 2023). "Recent gamma-ray burst was 70 times brighter than any cosmic explosion". Earth.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d Lincoln, Don (June 13, 2023). "Explaining GRB 221009A, the greatest cosmic explosion humanity has ever seen". Big Think. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Aimuratov, Y.; Becerra, L. M.; Bianco, C. L.; Cherubini, C.; Valle, M. Della; Filippi, S.; Li, Liang; Moradi, R.; Rastegarnia, F.; Rueda, J. A.; Ruffini, R.; Sahakyan, N.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, S. R. (September 22, 2023). "GRB-SN Association within the Binary-driven Hypernova Model". The Astrophysical Journal. 955 (2): 93. arXiv:2303.16902. Bibcode:2023ApJ...955...93A. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace721. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ a b c d Reddy, Francis (October 13, 2022). "NASA's Swift, Fermi Missions Detect Exceptional Cosmic Blast". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  15. ^ Dickinson, David (April 6, 2023). "Brightest Gamma-ray Burst Shines Light on Milky Way Structure". Universe Today. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  16. ^ a b Laskar, Tanmoy; et al. (2023). "The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 946 (1): L23. arXiv:2302.04388. Bibcode:2023ApJ...946L..23L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acbfad. S2CID 256697486.
  17. ^ a b c d e O'Callaghan, Jonathan (October 26, 2022). "Brightest-Ever Space Explosion Could Help Explain Dark Matter". Quanta Magazine. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  18. ^ Nemiroff, Robert; Jerry, Bonnell (October 15, 2022). "GRB 221009A". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  19. ^ The LHAASO collaboration (February 8, 2024). "Stringent Tests of Lorentz Invariance Violation from LHAASO Observations of GRB 221009A". arXiv:2402.06009 [astro-ph.HE].
  20. ^ a b Sahu, Sarira; Medina-Carrillo, B.; Sánchez-Colón, G.; Rajpoot, Subhash (2023). "Deciphering the ~18 TeV Photons from GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 942 (L30): L30. arXiv:2211.04057. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942L..30S. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acac2f. S2CID 253397820.
  21. ^ Ahmed, Issam (October 16, 2022). "Astronomers are captivated by brightest flash ever seen". AFP. Phys.org. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  22. ^ a b Sullivan, Will (October 21, 2022). "This Powerful Gamma-Ray Blast Was the 'Brightest of All Time'". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  23. ^ MAGIC Collaboration; Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Engels, A. Arbet; Baack, D.; Babić, A.; Banerjee, B.; de Almeida, U. Barres; Barrio, J. A.; González, J. Becerra; Bednarek, W.; Bellizzi, L.; Bernardini, E.; Berti, A. (November 21, 2019). "Teraelectronvolt emission from the gamma-ray burst GRB 190114C". Nature. 575 (7783): 455–458. arXiv:2006.07249. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..455M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1750-x. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31748726. S2CID 208190569.
  24. ^ H.E.S.S. Collaboration; Abdalla, H.; Aharonian, F.; Ait Benkhali, F.; Angüner, E. O.; Arcaro, C.; Armand, C.; Armstrong, T.; Ashkar, H.; Backes, M.; Baghmanyan, V.; Barbosa Martins, V.; Barnacka, A.; Barnard, M.; Becherini, Y. (June 4, 2021). "Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow". Science. 372 (6546): 1081–1085. arXiv:2106.02510. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1081H. doi:10.1126/science.abe8560. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34083487. S2CID 235324608. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Huang, Yong; Hu, Shicong; Chen, Songzhan; Zha, Min; Liu, Cheng; Yao, Zhiguo; Cao, Zhen; Experiment, The Lhaaso (October 1, 2022). "LHAASO observed GRB 221009A with more than 5000 VHE photons up to around 18 TeV". GRB Coordinates Network. 32677: 1. Bibcode:2022GCN.32677....1H. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  26. ^ "TeV photons challenge standard explanations". CERN Courier. March 1, 2023. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  27. ^ Das, Saikat; Razzaque, Soebur (February 1, 2023). "Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray signature in GRB 221009A". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 670: L12. arXiv:2210.13349. Bibcode:2023A&A...670L..12D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245377. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 253098499. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  28. ^ Alves Batista, Rafael (February 1, 2023). "GRB 221009A: a potential source of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays". arXiv:2210.12855 [astro-ph.HE].
  29. ^ Mirabal, Nestor (February 1, 2023). "Secondary GeV-TeV emission from ultra-high-energy cosmic rays accelerated by GRB 221009A". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 519: L85–L86. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac157. hdl:11603/30036. Archived from the original on December 13, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  30. ^ Maginot, Hannah (December 29, 2022). "NASA's IXPE Quickly Observes Aftermath of Incredible Cosmic Blast – "This Is Now or Never"". SciTech Daily. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  31. ^ Negro, Michela; Di Lalla, Niccolò; Omodei, Nicola; Veres, Péter; Silvestri, Stefano; Manfreda, Alberto; Burns, Eric; Baldini, Luca; Costa, Enrico; Ehlert, Steven R.; Kennea, Jamie A.; Liodakis, Ioannis; Marshall, Herman L.; Mereghetti, Sandro; Middei, Riccardo (March 1, 2023). "The IXPE View of GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 946 (1): L21. arXiv:2301.01798. Bibcode:2023ApJ...946L..21N. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acba17. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 255440524.
  32. ^ "ESA spacecraft catch the brightest ever gamma-ray burst". European Space Agency. October 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  33. ^ LHAASO Collaboration*†; Cao, Zhen; Aharonian, F.; An, Q.; Axikegu; Bai, L. X.; Bai, Y. X.; Bao, Y. W.; Bastieri, D.; Bi, X. J.; Bi, Y. J.; Cai, J. T.; Cao, Q.; Cao, W. Y.; Cao, Zhe (June 30, 2023). "A tera–electron volt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst". Science. 380 (6652): 1390–1396. arXiv:2306.06372. doi:10.1126/science.adg9328. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37289911. S2CID 259117881. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  34. ^ Thwaites, Jessie (July 13, 2023). "LHAASO-ing the brightest gamma-ray burst". Astrobites. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  35. ^ a b Chinese Academy of Sciences (March 28, 2023). "Insight-HXMT and GECAM-C observations of the brightest-of-all-time GRB 221009A". Phys.org. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  36. ^ Blanchard, Peter K.; Villar, V. Ashley; Chornock, Ryan; Laskar, Tanmoy; Li, Yijia; Leja, Joel; Pierel, Justin; Berger, Edo; Margutti, Raffaella; Alexander, Kate D.; Barnes, Jennifer; Cendes, Yvette; Eftekhari, Tarraneh; Kasen, Daniel; LeBaron, Natalie; Metzger, Brian D.; Muzerolle Page, James; Rest, Armin; Sears, Huei; Siegel, Daniel M.; Yadavalli, S. Karthik (June 2024). "JWST detection of a supernova associated with GRB 221009A without an r-process signature". Nature Astronomy. 8 (6): 774–785. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02237-4. ISSN 2397-3366. PMC 11189819.
  37. ^ Plait, Phil (January 2023). "The Brightest Gamma-Ray Burst Ever Recorded Rattled Earth's Atmosphere". Scientific American: 56–7. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  38. ^ Battiston, R.; et al. (2023). "Observation of Anomalous Electron Fluxes Induced by GRB221009A on CSES-01 Low-energy Charged Particle Detector". The Astrophysical Physics Journal Letters. 946 (1): L29. Bibcode:2023ApJ...946L..29B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc247. hdl:11572/377871. S2CID 257801868.
  39. ^ a b Japelj, Jure (October 17, 2023). "Brightest gamma-ray burst yet lights up the sky". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  40. ^ a b O'Connor, Brennan; et al. (June 7, 2023). "A structured jet explains the extreme GRB 221009A". Science Advances. 9 (23): eadi1405. arXiv:2302.07906. Bibcode:2023SciA....9I1405O. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi1405. PMC 10246904. PMID 37285439.
  41. ^ a b Greicius, Tony (June 8, 2023). "Brightest Cosmic Explosion Ever Detected Had Other Unique Features". NASA. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  42. ^ Miller, Katrina (October 2022). "The 'Brightest of All Time' Gamma-Ray Burst Sparks a Supernova Hunt". Wired. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  43. ^ Ambrose, Tom (March 28, 2023). "Cosmic explosion last year may be 'brightest ever seen'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  44. ^ Ouellette, Jennifer (March 30, 2023). "Brightest-ever gamma-ray burst (the "BOAT") continues to puzzle astronomers". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  45. ^ Tiengo, Andrea; et al. (2023). "The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 946 (1): L30. arXiv:2302.11518. Bibcode:2023ApJ...946L..30T. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc1dc. S2CID 257079095.
  46. ^ a b Kann, D. A.; Agayeva, S.; Aivazyan, V.; Alishov, S.; Andrade, C. M.; Antier, S.; Baransky, A.; Bendjoya, P.; Benkhaldoun, Z.; Beradze, S.; Berezin, D.; Boër, M.; Broens, E.; Brunier, S.; Bulla, M. (2023). "GRANDMA and HXMT Observations of GRB 221009A: The Standard Luminosity Afterglow of a Hyperluminous Gamma-Ray Burst—In Gedenken an David Alexander Kann". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 948 (2): L12. arXiv:2302.06225. Bibcode:2023ApJ...948L..12K. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc8d0. ISSN 2041-8205.
  47. ^ Huang, Yi-Yun; Dai, Cui-Yuan; Zhang, Hai-Ming; Liu, Ruo-Yu; Wang, Xiang-Yu (September 1, 2023). "Constraints on the Intergalactic Magnetic Field Strength from γ-Ray Observations of GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 955 (1): L10. arXiv:2306.05970. Bibcode:2023ApJ...955L..10H. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf66a. ISSN 2041-8205.
  48. ^ "The BOAT Show: Unprecedented Gamma-Ray Burst Illuminates the Universe". SciTechDaily. April 20, 2023. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  49. ^ "Focus on the Ultra-luminous Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A". iopscience.iop.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  50. ^ Landymore, Frank (April 2, 2023). "Gamma Ray Burst Was So Bright It Blinded Almost All Equipment to Detect It". Futurism. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  51. ^ Sahu, Sarira; Medina-Carrillo, B.; Páez-Sánchez, D. I.; Sánchez-Colón, G.; Rajpoot, Subhash (2024). "A Photohadronic Interpretation of H.E.S.S. Afterglow Observations of GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal. 961 (2): 224. arXiv:2312.12284. Bibcode:2024ApJ...961..224S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad175f. ISSN 0004-637X.
  52. ^ Yao, Yu-Hua; Wang, Zhen; Chen, Shi; Chen, Tian-Lu; Feng, You-Liang; Gao, Qi; Gou, Quan-Bu; Guo, Yi-Qing; Hu, Hong-Bo; Kang, Ming-Ming; Li, Hai-Jin; Liu, Chen; Liu, Mao-Yuan; Liu, Wei; Min, Fang-Sheng (2023). "Prospects for Detecting γ-Ray Bursts at Very High Energies with the HADAR Experiment". The Astrophysical Journal. 958 (1): 87. Bibcode:2023ApJ...958...87Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad05d1. ISSN 0004-637X.
  53. ^ "Powerful Gamma-Ray-Burst Caused Significant Disturbance in Earth's Ionosphere, Astronomers Say". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. November 17, 2023. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  54. ^ Pultarova, Tereza (October 18, 2022). "Most powerful gamma-ray burst ever seen could help reveal how black holes are born". Space.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  55. ^ Zhang 张, B. Theodore 兵; Murase, Kohta; Ioka, Kunihito; Song, Deheng; Yuan 袁, Chengchao 成超; Mészáros, Péter (April 1, 2023). "External Inverse-compton and Proton Synchrotron Emission from the Reverse Shock as the Origin of VHE Gamma Rays from the Hyper-bright GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 947 (1): L14. arXiv:2211.05754. Bibcode:2023ApJ...947L..14Z. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc79f. ISSN 2041-8205.
  56. ^ Rudolph, Annika; Petropoulou, Maria; Winter, Walter; Bošnjak, Željka (February 1, 2023). "Multi-messenger Model for the Prompt Emission from GRB 221009A". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 944 (2): L34. arXiv:2212.00766. Bibcode:2023ApJ...944L..34R. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb6d7. ISSN 2041-8205.
  57. ^ "The AGN Outburst we won't call an explosion and a rock around the Earth | The Daily Space". cosmoquest.org. February 28, 2020. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  58. ^ Ravasio, Maria Edvige; Salafia, Om Sharan; Oganesyan, Gor; Mei, Alessio; Ghirlanda, Giancarlo; Ascenzi, Stefano; Banerjee, Biswajit; Macera, Samanta; Branchesi, Marica; Jonker, Peter G.; Levan, Andrew J.; Malesani, Daniele B.; Mulrey, Katharine B.; Giuliani, Andrea; Celotti, Annalisa (July 26, 2024). "A mega–electron volt emission line in the spectrum of a gamma-ray burst". Science. 385 (6707): 452–455. doi:10.1126/science.adj3638. ISSN 0036-8075.
  59. ^ "NASA Missions Study What May Be a 1-In-10,000-Year Gamma-ray Burst - NASA". March 28, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  60. ^ The LHAASO Collaboration (August 15, 2024). "Stringent Tests of Lorentz Invariance Violation from LHAASO Observations of GRB 221009A". Physical Review Letters. 133 (7). arXiv:2402.06009. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.071501.
  61. ^ Stephens, Marric (August 15, 2024). "Gamma-Ray Burst Tightens Constraints on Quantum Gravity". Physics Today. American Physical Society (APS). Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  62. ^ Kruesi, Liz (August 16, 2023). "The brightest blast ever seen in space continues to surprise scientists". National Geographic. Archived from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  63. ^ "Telescopes Standing Sentry". NOIRLab. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  64. ^ Tiengo, Andrea; Pintore, Fabio; Vaia, Beatrice; Filippi, Simone; Sacchi, Andrea; Esposito, Paolo; Rigoselli, Michela; Mereghetti, Sandro; Salvaterra, Ruben; Siljeg, Barbara; Bracco, Andrea; Bosnjak, Zeljka; Jelic, Vibor; Campana, Sergio (March 1, 2023). "The power of the rings: the GRB 221009A soft X-ray emission from its dust-scattering halo". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 946 (1): L30. arXiv:2302.11518. Bibcode:2023ApJ...946L..30T. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc1dc. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 257079095.