Emoxypine

Not to be confused with Amoxapine.

Emoxypine
Clinical data
Trade namesMexidol
Other namesEmoxipine, Emoxypin, Epigid, 6-Methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine
Routes of
administration		Oral & IV
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Unscheduled; not FDA approved
  • RU: Rx only
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life2-2.6 h
Identifiers
  • 2-Ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.205.098 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC8H11NO
Molar mass137.182 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point170 to 172 °C (338 to 342 °F) [1]
  • CCc1c(ccc(n1)C)O

  • Oc1ccc(nc1CC)C
  • InChI=1S/C8H11NO/c1-3-7-8(10)5-4-6(2)9-7/h4-5,10H,3H2,1-2H3
  • Key:JPGDYIGSCHWQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  (verify)

Emoxypine (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine), also known as Mexidol or Mexifin, a succinate salt, is chemical compound which is claimed by its manufacturer, the Russian company Pharmasoft Pharmaceuticals, to have antioxidant and actoprotector properties,[2][3] but these purported properties of emoxypine have not been proven.[4] Its chemical structure resembles that of pyridoxine (a type of vitamin B6).

History

Emoxypine was first synthesized by L.D. Smirnov and K.M. Dumayev, then studied and developed in the Russian Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and Russian Scientific Center of Bioactive Substances Safety.[5] Its research and use has been largely isolated to former soviet states, with little interest from other countries.[6]

Use

Emoxypine is widely used in Russia, primarily for its anti-oxidant properties claimed by the manufacturer. It purportedly exercises anxiolytic,[7][8] anti-stress, anti-alcohol, anticonvulsant, nootropic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory action.[citation needed] Emoxypine presumably improves cerebral blood circulation, inhibits thrombocyte aggregation, lowers cholesterol levels, has cardioprotective and antiatherosclerotic action.[5] The compound's in vitro iron chelating property shows potential in the management of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as hematologic disorders.[6]

Mechanism of action

Emoxypine's purported mechanism of action is believed to be its antioxidant and membrane-protective effects with the following key components:[5][9][medical citation needed] Still, the antioxidant and membrane-protective effects have not been proved in reviews and meta-analysis[4][medical citation needed] The purported actions of emoxypine are:

Clinical study

One non-blinded non-randomized study determined the effectiveness of emoxypine in 205 patients with clinical manifestations of lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR). Patients were divided into two groups, and further were divided into subgroups depending on the presence of motor disturbances. All patients received a course of conventional medical treatment and physiotherapy; main group additionally received emoxypine. Thereafter, clinical-neurological control of long-term results of treatment in subgroups of patients was performed. The results showed that the use of emoxypine in the combined therapy of patients with LSR led to significant and persistent reduction of severity of pain syndrome and rapid recovery of function of spinal roots and peripheral nerves compared with conventional therapy.[5][4] Still, these studies were primary research not confirmed in reviews and meta-analysis.[11] Based on the available information,[4] it can be concluded that the effectiveness or purported pharmaceutical efficiency of emoxypine has not been confirmed through comprehensive reviews or meta-analyses. Most of the studies on emoxypine are primary research and have not been validated in systematic reviews or meta-analyses.[4]

Emoxypine is an uncontrolled substance in the United States meaning it is legal to possess without a license or prescription.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gruber W (1953). "Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-2-alkylpyridines". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 31 (6): 564–568. doi:10.1139/v53-079.
  2. ^ "mexidol.ru, Pharmasoft Website". Archived from the original on 2011-04-10. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
  3. ^ Yakovlev IY (2013). "Механізми актопротекторної дії похідних янтарної кислоти" [Mechanisms of actoprotective action of succinic acid's derivatives]. Лікарська справа (in Ukrainian) (3): 78–85. PMID 25016753.
  4. ^ a b c d e Likhacheva EB, Sholomov II (2006). "[Clinical and immunological assessment of efficacy of mexidol in the treatment of lumbosacral radiculopathy]". Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 106 (10): 52–7. PMID 17117675.
  5. ^ a b c d e Voronina TA. "ANTIOXIDANT MEXIDOL. The main neuropsychotropic effects and the mechanism of action". Institute of Pharmacology. Moscow, Russia: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.
  6. ^ a b Gupta DS, Bagwe Parab S, Kaur G (1 January 2022). "Promising effects of emoxypine and its succinate derivative in the management of various diseases-with insights on recent patent applications". Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery. 3: 100121. doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100121. PMC 9389226. PMID 35992374.
  7. ^ Volchegorskii IA, Miroshnichenko IY, Rassokhina LM, Faizullin RM, Malkin MP, Pryakhina KE, et al. (April 2015). "Comparative analysis of the anxiolytic effects of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 158 (6): 756–61. doi:10.1007/s10517-015-2855-3. PMID 25894772. S2CID 6052275.
  8. ^ Rumyantseva SA, Fedin AI, Sokhova ON (October 2012). "Antioxidant Treatment of Ischemic Brain Lesions". Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 42 (8): 842–845. doi:10.1007/s11055-012-9646-3. S2CID 39971165.
  9. ^ Dumayev KM, Voronina TA, Smirnov LD (1995). Antioxidants in the prophylaxis and therapy of CNS pathologies (Report). Moscow.[page needed]
  10. ^ Kucherianu VG (January 2001). "[Mexidol potentiates antiparkinsonian effect of L-DOPA in MPTP-induced parkinsonism model]". Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 64 (1): 22–5. PMID 11544797.
  11. ^ Da Costa BR, Pereira TV, Saadat P, Rudnicki M, Iskander SM, Bodmer NS, et al. (2021). "Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: Network meta-analysis". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 375: n2321. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2321. PMC 8506236. PMID 34642179.
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