Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic-speaking peoples (i.e. speakers of Celtic languages). This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history, archaeology and history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct.[1] The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
As a university subject, it is taught at a number of universities, most of them in Ireland, the United Kingdom, or France, but also in the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands.
In 1767 James Parsons published his study The Remains of Japhet, being historical enquiries into the affinity and origins of the European languages. He compared a 1000-word lexicon of Irish and Welsh and concluded that they were originally the same, then comparing the numerals in many other languages.
The second big leap forwards was made when Sir William Jones postulated that Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, Latin and many other languages including "the Celtic" derived from a common ancestral language. This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language (1786), would later be hailed as the discovery of the Indo-European language family, from which grew the field of Indo-European studies.[1]
Although Jones' trail-blazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, it was not until Bavarian linguist Johann Kaspar Zeuss's monumental Grammatica Celtica (volume 1, 1851; volume 2, 1853) that any truly significant progress was made.[1] Written in Latin, the work draws on the earliest Old Irish, Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary sources to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a firm basis for Celtic philology.[1] Among his many other achievements, Zeuss was able to decipher and explain Old Irish verbal and grammatical rules and also definitively linked the Celtic languages to the Indo-Europeanlanguage family
German Celtic studies (Keltologie) is seen by many as having been established by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) (see above). In 1847, he was appointed professor of linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic studies progressed largely as a subfield of linguistics. Franz Bopp (1791–1867) carried out further studies in comparative linguistics to link the Celtic languages to the Proto-Indo-European language. He is credited with having finally proven Celtic to be a branch of the Indo-European language family. From 1821 to 1864, he served as a professor of oriental literature and general linguistics in Berlin.[citation needed]
In 1896, Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern founded the Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), the first academic journal solely devoted to aspects of Celtic languages and literature, and still in existence today.[2] In the second half of the century, significant contributions were made by the Orientalist Ernst Windisch (1844–1918). He held a chair in Sanskrit at the University of Leipzig; but he is best remembered for his numerous publications in the field of Celtic studies. In 1901, the Orientalist and Celtologist Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910) was made professor of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, the first position of its kind in Germany. He was followed in 1911 by Kuno Meyer (1858–1919), who, in addition to numerous publications in the field, was active in the Irish independence movement.[citation needed]
Perhaps the most important German-speaking Celticist was Swiss scholar Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940). A student of Windisch and Zimmer, Thurneysen was appointed to the chair of comparative linguistics at the University of Freiburg in 1887; he succeeded to the equivalent chair at the University of Bonn in 1913. His notability arises from his work on Old Irish. For his masterwork, Handbuch des Altirischen ("Handbook of Old Irish", 1909), translated into English as A Grammar of Old Irish, he located and analysed a multitude of Old Irish manuscripts. His work is considered as the basis for all succeeding studies of Old Irish.[citation needed]
In 1920, Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) was appointed to the chair of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin. Despite his support for centrist German nationalism and membership in the Catholic Church in Germany, he was forced out of his university position by the Nazis on account of his Jewish ancestry. He subsequently fled as a refugee to Switzerland but returned to Germany in 1955 to teach at Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. In Berlin, he was succeeded in 1937 by Ludwig Mühlhausen [de], a devout Nazi.[citation needed]
After World War II, Celtic studies predominantly continued in West Germany and the Second Austrian Republic. Studies in the field continued at Freiburg, Bonn, Marburg, Hamburg as well as Innsbruck; however, an independent professorship in Celtic studies has not been instituted anywhere. In this period, Hans Hartmann, Heinrich Wagner and Wolfgang Meid made notable contributions to the scientific understanding of the boundaries of the Celtic language area and the location of the homeland of the Celtic peoples. In what became East Berlin chair in Celtic languages at what was renamed Humboldt University has remained unoccupied since 1966.
Today, Celtic studies is only taught at a handful of German universities, including those of Bonn,[3]Trier,[4] and Mannheim,[5] the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz,[6] and the Philipps University of Marburg.[7] It is also taught at the University of Vienna.[8] Only Marburg, Vienna and Bonn maintain formal programs of study, but even then usually as a subsection of comparative or general linguistics. Only Marburg offers an M.A. course specifically in Celtic Studies. No Celtic studies research has taken place in the former centres of Freiburg, Hamburg or Berlin since the 1990s. The last remaining chair in Celtic studies, that at Humboldt University of Berlin, was abolished in 1997.[citation needed]
The only Chair of Celtic studies in Continental Europe is at Utrecht University (in the Netherlands).[9][10] It was established in 1923, when Celtic studies were added to the Chair of Germanic studies on the special request of its new professor A. G. van Hamel.[11]
Celtic studies in the British Isles
Celtic studies are taught in universities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition, Celtic languages are taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools in Wales, the island of Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man.
Celtic studies and Irish studies are taught in universities in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition, the Irish language is taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools across the island of Ireland.
In Northern Ireland, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University offer Celtic studies programmes. In Northern Ireland, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University also offer Celtic studies.
Scotland
In 1874, Donald MacKinnon became the first Chair of Celtic studies at the University of Edinburgh, in 1882. Aberdeen, Glasgow and the University of the Highlands and Islands also have Celtic studies departments.
In 1804, the Académie Celtique was founded with the goal of unearthing the Gallic past of the French people. France also produced the first academic journal devoted to Celtic studies, Revue Celtique. Revue Celtique was first published in 1870 in Paris and continued until the death of its last editor, Joseph Loth, in 1934. After that point it was continued under the name Études Celtiques.
The University of Western Brittany (Brest) offers a two-year, international European-Union certified master's degree course entitled "Celtic languages and Cultures in Contact". It is part of the Centre for Breton and Celtic Research (CRBC). Closely linked to this MA programme, the University of Western Brittany organizes an intensive two-week Summer School in Breton Language and Cultural Heritage Studies every year in June. This Summer School is also sponsored by the CRBC and welcomes scholars from around the world with an interest in the Celtic (and minority) languages and cultures to study Breton, the least known of the living Celtic languages.
Celtic Studies are taught at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the University of Sydney (Australia),[36] which also hosts the triennial Australian Conference of Celtic Studies.
International Congress of Celtic Studies
The International Congress of Celtic Studies is the foremost academic conference in the field of Celtic Studies and is held every four years. It was first held in Dublin in 1959. The XV International Congress of Celtic Studies was held at the University of Glasgow in 2015. In 2019, the XVI ICCS was held at Bangor University and the XVII ICCS will be held at Utrecht University in 2023.
The Derek Allen Prize, awarded annually by the British Academy since 1977, rotates between Celtic Studies, Numismatics and Musicology. Recent winners in the field of Celtic Studies include: Prof. Máire Herbert (2018), Prof. Pierre-Yves Lambert (2015) and Prof. Fergus Kelly (2012).[37] Prof. Herbert is the first female Celticist to be awarded this prize.
Busse, Peter E. "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie". In Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. J.T. Koch. 5 vols: vol. 5. Santa Barbara et al., 2006. p. 1823.
Further reading
Brown, Terence (ed.). Celticism. Studia imagologica 8. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.
Fischer, Joachim and John Dillon (eds.). The correspondence of Myles Dillon, 1922–1925: Irish-German relations and Celtic studies. Dublin: Four Courts, 1999.
Huther, Andreas. "'In Politik verschieden, in Freundschaft wie immer': The German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer and the First World War". In The First World War as a clash of cultures, ed. Fred Bridgham. Columbia (SC): Camden House, 2006. pp. 231–44. ISBN1-57113-340-2.
Koch, John T. "Celtic Studies". In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond. British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. pp. 235–61. ISBN978-0-19-726395-2. RHS record
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Thierry Ier et Thierry. Thierry Ier Monnaie de bronze de Thierry Ier. Titre Roi des Francs 511 – 534(23 ans) Prédécesseur Clovis Ier Successeur Thibert Ier 3e Roi des Francs d'Orléans 524 – 534(10 ans) Prédécesseur Clodomir (Division du royaume) Successeur Thibert Ier Biographie Dynastie Mérovingiens Date de naissance 485 Date de décès 534 (à env. 50 ans) Père Clovis Ier Mère Evochilde, princesse franqu…
British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse La SagesseSireWisdomGrandsireBlinkhoolieDamSt MaryDamsireHermitSexMareFoaled1892[1]CountryUnited KingdomColourBayBreederGeorge Alexander BairdOwnerSir James Percy Miller, 2nd BaronetTrainerMartin GurryRecord27: 8-1-2Major winsNewmarket Breeders' Plate (1894)Fitzwilliam Stakes (1894)Oaks Stakes (1895)Derby Cup (1896) La Sagesse (1892 – 1909) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She was highly tried as a juvenile in 1894, winning six…
Season of television series American Dad!Season 11Digital purchase image for volume ten, which features the entire eleventh season.No. of episodes3ReleaseOriginal networkFoxOriginal releaseSeptember 14 (2014-09-14) –September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 10 Next →Season 12 List of episodes The eleventh season of American Dad! consisted of only 3 episodes. The season was broadcast on Fox, with two episodes airing September 14, 2014, and one…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Provost. Jean ProvostSaint Nicolas et sainte GodelinaNaissance Vers 1465MonsDécès Janvier 1525 ou janvier 1529BrugesActivité Peintremodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Jean Provost, Jan Provost ou Jan Provoost, né à Mons vers 1465 et mort à Bruges en 1529 était un peintre hainuyer. Biographie Il fut l'un des peintres des Pays-Bas bourguignons les plus réputés de sa génération et un maître prolifique. Il fut probablement l’élève de son…
Bagian dari seri tentangEkaristi Perjamuan Kudus • Komuni Unsur Roti Anggur Ritual dan liturgi Liturgi Ilahi Perjamuan Tuhan Pemecahan Roti Misa Requiem Solemnis Konsekrasi/Anafora Epiklesis Kisah Institusi Anamnesis Amalan dan kebiasaan Meja Tertutup dan Terbuka Perjamuan kudus dalam dua rupa Adorasi Disiplin Pengucapan Syukur Sakramen cadangan Pesta Corpus Christi Komuni Pertama Komuni kanak-kanak Viaticum Wadah Patena Piala Sejarah Asal mula Ekaristi Akar Sejarah Teologi Kehadiran Nyata Kon…
American Christian legal advocacy group Alliance Defending FreedomAbbreviationADFFormationMarch 25, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-03-25)[1]TypeNon-profit organizationTax ID no. 54-1660459HeadquartersScottsdale, Arizona[2]ChairmanTerry Schlossberg[3]President and CEOKristen Waggoner[4]Revenue (2022) $104,490,113[5]Expenses (2022)$81,311,475[5]Endowment (2022)$20,295,829[5]Employees (2022) 395[5]Volunteers (2022) 1,351 …
American basketball player Darrell GriffithGriffith in 2007Personal informationBorn (1958-06-16) June 16, 1958 (age 65)Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.Listed height6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Listed weight190 lb (86 kg)Career informationHigh schoolLouisville Male (Louisville, Kentucky)CollegeLouisville (1976–1980)NBA draft1980: 1st round, 2nd overall pickSelected by the Utah JazzPlaying career1980–1991PositionShooting guardNumber35Career history1980–1991Utah Jazz Career highl…
American athlete Na'Asha RobinsonPersonal informationNationalityAmericanBorn (1997-01-23) 23 January 1997 (age 27)SportSportAthleticsEvent400 metresAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)400m: 51.30 (Eugene, 2021) Medal record Women's athletics Representing United States World Indoor Championships 2024 Glasgow 4×400 m relay Na'Asha Robinson (born 23 January 1997) is an American tracks and field athlete who competes as a sprinter.[1] Early life From Huntsville, Alabama, s…
A Tiger helicopter A S-70 Blackhawk (left) and CH-47 Chinook (right) List of Australian Army aircraft is a list of all aircraft operated by the Australian Army since its formation. The Army flies helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and also unmanned aerial vehicles of various types. The Army has a diverse portfolio of lift assets including fleet of latest Chinook helicopters, 22 Tiger attack helicopters, 15 EC135 (which it shares with Navy for training), and increasing numbers UH-60. A few other t…
Untuk bendera Dominika, lihat Bendera Dominika. Bendera Republik Dominika Pemakaian Bendera sipil dan negara Perbandingan 2:3 Dipakai 6 November 1863 Rancangan Salib putih yang membagi bendera menjadi empat bagian, biru di pojok kanan atas dan kiri bawah, dan merah di pojok kiri atas dan kanan bawah; serta lambang Republik Dominika di tengahnya. Perancang Juan Pablo Duarte Varian bendera Bendera Republik Dominika Pemakaian Bendera kapal sipil Rancangan Sama seperti negara tetapi tanpa lambang Re…
Loreto gmina Sanktuarium loretańskie Herb Państwo Włochy Region Marche Prowincja Ankona Kod ISTAT 042022 Powierzchnia 17,69 km² Wysokość 127 m n.p.m. Populacja (I 2010)• liczba ludności 12 325 • gęstość 696,7 os./km² Numer kierunkowy 071 Kod pocztowy 60025 Położenie na mapie prowincji Ankona Położenie na mapie MarcheLoreto Położenie na mapie WłochLoreto 43°26′N 13°37′E/43,433333 13,616667 Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Hasło …
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Little Cay – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Little Cay is an island off the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean. It lies approximately 1.5 km off the coast of Beef Island and serves an import…
Scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Protistology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onBiologyScience of life Index Outline Glossary History (timeline) Key co…
First United States Navy aircraft carrier For other ships with the same name, see USS Langley. USS Langley underway, 1927 History United States Name Jupiter (1912–1920) Langley (1920–1942) Namesake Jupiter Samuel Pierpont Langley BuilderMare Island Naval Shipyard Laid down18 October 1911 Launched24 August 1912 Commissioned7 April 1913 Decommissioned24 March 1920 Recommissioned20 March 1922 Decommissioned25 October 1936 Recommissioned21 April 1937 RenamedLangley, 21 April 1920 Reclassified Fl…
Decathlon-AG2R La MondialeLogo de l'équipe depuis 2024.InformationsStatuts Équipe pro (1992-1998)Groupe Sportif I (d) (1997-2000)Groupe Sportif II (d) (2001)Groupe Sportif I (d) (2002-2004)continentale pro (2005)UCI ProTeam (2006-2014)UCI WorldTeam (depuis 2015)Codes UCI A2R (de 2000 à 2007), ALM (de 2008 à 2020), ACT (de 2021 à 2023) et DAT (depuis 2024)Discipline Cyclisme sur routePays FranceCréation 1992Saisons 33Budget 26 millions d'euros (2024)[1]Marque de cycles Routens (1992)M…
هذا الصندوق: اعرضناقشعدل اعرضناقشعدل لجميع البلدات (الحجم 7 أو أكبر) والمواقع الاستراتيجية مثل المطارات، والمعابر الحدودية، والموانئ، والسدود، والقواعد العسكرية، وحقول النفط. لجميع القرى (الحجم 6 أو أقل) ومواقع تفصيلية مثل التلال، والمصانع، والأحياء، ونقاط التفتيش. تنقسم س…
Province of the Republic of China Yunnan Province雲南省Province of the Republic of China (1912–1951)1912–1951Yunnan Province (red) in the de jure territory of the Republic of ChinaCapitalKunming (1912–1949, de jure)Bangkok, Thailand (in exile) (1950–1951)Area • 1947420,465 km2 (162,342 sq mi)Population • 1947 9,066,000 Historical era20th century• Established 1912• Defection of the Provincial Government 9 December 1949• PRC es…
Java Headposter lobiSutradaraGeorge MelfordCeritaWaldemar Young (cerita dan adaptasi)BerdasarkanJava Headoleh Joseph HergesheimerPemeranLeatrice JoyJacqueline LoganAlan RoscoeSinematograferBert GlennonCharles G. ClarkePerusahaanproduksiFamous Players-LaskyDistributorParamount PicturesTanggal rilis 28 Januari 1923 (1923-01-28) (Amerika Serikat) Durasi80 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaBisu (intertitel Inggris) Cuplikan film yang menampilkan Beatrice Joy. Java Head adalah sebuah film dram…