Camassia quamash

Common camas

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Agavoideae
Genus: Camassia
Species:
C. quamash
Binomial name
Camassia quamash
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Anthericum quamash (Pursh) Steud. (1821)
    • Camassia leichtlinii var. watsonii M.E.Jones (1912)
    • Phalangium quamash Pursh (1813)
    • Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville (1898)

Camassia quamash, commonly known as camas, kwetlal,[3] small camas,[4] common camas,[5] common camash[6] or quamash, is a perennial herb. It is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States.

Description

Camassia quamash is a perennial plant with a herbaceous character that has a wide a wide range of variation across its geographical range.[7] It is a monocot that has grasslike leaves, as typical of that group, that emerge from a persistent bulb.[8][9] The bulb is of moderate size, 1 to 5 centimeters (1⁄2 to 2 in) in diameter. The bulbs do not frequently cluster together and their surface is black while the interior is white with layers like that of an onion.[7][10]

The leaves very rarely number more than nine on a plant and range in length from 10 to 60 cm (4 to 24 in). In comparison to their length they are quite narrow, 4 to 20 millimeters in width. The upper surface of the leaves may or may not have a pale, waxy coating depending on the variety.[7] All the leaves spring from the base of the plant and the sturdy stem is leafless.[11]

The flowering stems in wild or cultivated plants can be up to 80 centimeters (2.6 ft), but may be as short as 20 cm (8 in).[7][12] As the inflorescence does not have branches it is a raceme.[11]

The pale blue to deep blue flowers appear in late spring to early summer (May to June in their native habitat). Each of the radially symmetrical, star-shaped flowers[13] has six tepals, about 2.5 cm (1 in) across, and six stamens.[8]

The leaves and bulbs of the plant are similar to the toxic white-flowered meadow death-camas, a plant that is not in Camassia, but part of the death-camas genus (Toxicoscordion) and grows in the same areas.[14][13]

Taxonomy

C. quamash subsp. maxima

There are eight subspecies;[15]

  • Camassia quamash subsp. azurea – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. linearis – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. maxima – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. quamash – common camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis – Utah small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei – Walpole's small camas

Synonyms

The superseded name for Camassia quamash subsp. quamash, Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl.,[16] should not be confused with the superseded name Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob., (nom. illeg.) for Camassia scilloides.[17]

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Nez Perce Indian name for this plant, and means "sweet".[13] Qém'es, a term for the plant's bulb, which was gathered and used as a food source by tribes in the Pacific Northwest, and were an important food source for the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806).[13] The bulbs are or were harvested and pit-roasted or boiled by women of the Nez Perce,[8] Cree, and Blackfoot tribes.

Distribution and habitat

C. quamash subsp. maxima, Skagit County, Washington

The species is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States, from British Columbia and Alberta to California and east from Washington state to Montana and Wyoming.

Though the once-immense spreads of camas lands have diminished because of modern developments and agriculture, numerous camas prairies and marshes may still be seen today. In the Great Basin, expanded settlement by whites accompanied by turning cattle and hogs onto camas prairies greatly diminished food available to native tribes and increased tension between Native Americans and settlers and travelers.[18] Both the Bannock and Nez Perce Wars began after Nez Perce became incensed at the failure of the US government to uphold treaties, and at settlers who plowed up their camas prairies, which they depended on for subsistence.[19][20][21][22]

Cultivation

This bulb flower naturalizes well in gardens. The bulb grows best in well-drained soil high in humus. It will grow in lightly shaded forest areas and on rocky outcrops as well as in open meadows or prairies. Additionally, it is found growing alongside streams and rivers. The plants may be divided in autumn after the leaves have withered. Additionally, the plant spreads by seed rather than by runners.

Uses

Camas is grown as an ornamental plant. Even in the wild, large numbers of camas can color an entire meadow blue-violet.

Food

The bulbs of this Camassia species are edible and nutritious when roasted or boiled,[23] but are easily confused with those of the death-camas. Though the white death-camas flowers are very different, the bulbs are difficult to distinguish.[14][13]

Camas has been a food source for many native peoples in the western United States and Canada. After being harvested in the autumn, once the flowers have withered, the bulbs are pit-roasted or boiled.[24] The latter produced a syrup.[25] A pit-cooked camas bulb looks and tastes something like baked sweet potato, but sweeter, and with more crystalline fibers due to the presence of inulin in the bulbs—an oligosaccharide responsible for the copious flatulence caused by excessive consumption of undercooked bulbs. Bulbs can also be dried and pounded into flour, which can be used for baking or as a thickener.[26][27] Native American tribes who ate camas include the Nez Perce, Cree, Coast Salish, Lummi, and Blackfoot tribes, among many others. Camas bulbs contributed to the survival of members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06).

Camas bulbs (and bannock made from them) are listed in the Ark of Taste.[28][29]

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (2024). "Camassia quamash". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  2. ^ "Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  3. ^ Corntassel, Jeff; Cheryl Bryce (2012). "Practicing Sustainable Self-Determination: Indigenous Approaches to Cultural Restoration and Revitalization". The Brown Journal of World Affairs. 18 (2): 151–162. JSTOR 24590870.
  4. ^ NRCS. "Camassia quamash". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  5. ^ Kozloff, Eugene N. (2005). Plants of Western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-88192-724-5.
  6. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d Ranker, Tom A.; Hogan, Tim (5 November 2020). "Camassia quamash - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 80. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  9. ^ "Common Camas Camassia quamash". Calscape. California Native Plant Society. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  10. ^ Williams, Kim (1977). Eating Wild Plants. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-0-87842-065-0. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  11. ^ a b Pavia, Jerry (2003). Rocky Mountain Wildflowers : Photos, Descriptions, and Early Explorer Insights. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-55591-364-9.
  12. ^ Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1999). New Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (Third ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 513. ISBN 978-0-7513-0800-6. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e Wiese, Karen (2013). Sierra Nevada Wildflowers : a Field guide to Common Wildflowers and Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada, Including Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks (Second ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: FalconGuides. pp. 22, 170. ISBN 978-0-7627-8034-1. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  14. ^ a b Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy, eds. (2004). Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast : Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska (Revised ed.). Vancouver, British Columbia: Lone Pine Publishing. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  15. ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  16. ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl.
  17. ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.
  18. ^ The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre, Brigham D. Madsen, foreword by Charles S. Peterson, University of Utah Press (1985, paperback 1995), trade paperback, 286 pages, ISBN 0-87480-494-9
  19. ^ Clute, Willard Nelson (1907). The American botanist, devoted to economic and ecological botany, Volumes 11-15. W.N. Clute & co. p. 98.
  20. ^ Mathews, Daniel (1999). Cascade-Olympic Natural History: a trailside reference. Raven Editions. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-9620782-1-7.
  21. ^ Native American History: The Bannock War Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  22. ^ Brimlow, George Francis. Harney County and Its Range Land, 1951, Binfords & Mort, Portland, Oregon, p. 102ff.
  23. ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 196.
  24. ^ Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). 38 (47). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 131. JSTOR 43996285., s.v. Camas Salish
  25. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 595. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  26. ^ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 0415927463.
  27. ^ Doherty, Craig A.;Doherty, Katherine M. Plateau Indians, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 42, ISBN 978-0-8160-5971-3
  28. ^ Camas Bulbs, Ark of Taste, Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity
  29. ^ Quamash Bannock, Ark of Taste, Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity
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