August 2, 1923: U.S. President Warren G. Harding (far left) dies suddenly at San Francisco hotel, Vice President Calvin Coolidge sworn in the next day
August 1, 1923 (Wednesday)
A medical bulletin from President Harding's physicians reported from San Francisco that there was a "slight improvement in the lung condition" but no change otherwise.[1] A followup report said that he had eaten two soft-boiled eggs for breakfast and had "a slight and only slight attack of indigestion" that "was more than overbalanced by the decline of the President's temperature to normal for the first time."[2] At the same time, committees in San Francisco and Los Angeles agreed to turn over the remaining expenses associated with entertainment during Harding's tour "to a state fund to provide everything necessary for the comfort of President Harding" during his convalescence, including the lease of a private home "in the cool and bracing atmosphere close to San Francisco" during August.[3]
The silent historical drama Little Old New York, based on a play of the same name, was released by Goldwyn Pictures,[citation needed] and cast Marion Davies and Harrison Ford (a star of the 1920s and no relation to the more successful star of later decades) as a daughter and a stepson competing for a large inheritance. Produced by newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, the film was one of the 10 most popular in 1923.
The wife of film comedian Al St. John was granted a divorce in Los Angeles court. "He started drinking in October 1917, and I haven't seen him sober since that time", she testified.[4]
Born:
Carter Brown (pen name for Alan Geoffrey Yates), English-born Australian detective fiction author; in Ilford, London (d. 1985)
United States President Warren G. Harding died at 7:30 p.m. San Francisco time (10:30 Washington time). At 7:51, a statement of "the saddest news that telegraph wires can carry" was sent across the nation, signed by his five physicians: "The President died instantaneously and without warning and while conversing with members of his family at 7:30 p.m. Death was apparently due to some brain involvement, probably due to an apopleptic stroke. During the day he had been free from discomfort, and there was every justification for anticipating a prompt recovery."[5] While the cause of death was officially said at the time to have been from a stroke, it is now more commonly believed to have been from heart failure.[6]
Konstantin Päts became the Riigivanem or "State Elder" of Estonia for the second time, succeeding Juhan Kukk as the Baltic nation's head of state and head of government.
British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin told the House of Commons that "If the British people feel that the wounds of Europe were being kept open instead of being healed," by the collection of large reparations from Germany, "there might then easily ensue the last thing in the world that I would like to see," while Ramsay MacDonald said "It is perfectly clear that France is in the Ruhr not for the purpose of getting reparations," but "an attempt to continue war after formal peace has been declared."[7]
Born:
Shimon Peres, Prime Minister of Israel 1977, 1984 to 1986, and 1995 to 1998, then President 2007 to 2014; as Szymon Perski, in Wiszniew, Poland (now Vishnyeva, Belarus) (d. 2016)
President Coolidge took a train to Washington and arrived in the nation's capital at 9:10 p.m. after having been driven from Plymouth Notch to Rutland, Vermont, where he boarded a private car at the station and traveled to New York City's Grand Central Station and departing at 4:15 p.m. local time for a nonstop trip to Washington in less than six hours. He then was taken from the Pennsylvania Avenue terminal in a private car.[10] President Coolidge and his wife then went to their suite at the Willard Hotel in Washington, where he had lived since becoming vice president, until the White House could be readied for his arrival.[11]
The Irish Free State passed the "Defence Forces (Temporary Provisions) Act", to create "an armed force to be called Oglaigh na hEireann (hereinafter referred to as the Forces) consisting of such number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and men as may from time to time be provided" by the parliament.[12] A more permanent force would be established on October 1, 1924.[13]
Baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis released a statement which read, "It is the sentiment throughout baseball that no games be played either today nor on the day of the funeral for the late President, and as a further mark of respect for his memory, flags at ball parks will be displayed at half mast until after the burial."[14]
Calvin Coolidge's first official act as U.S. president was to declare August 10 a day of national mourning and prayer on the occasion of Warren Harding's funeral.[17]
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ended his visit to North America, boarding the RMS Adriatic in New York bound for England. "After a period of about three days the spirit of President Harding may, if sought, advise Calvin Coolidge, the nation's new chief executive, wisely and helpfully on the great problems confronting him", Doyle said just before leaving.[18]
Born:
Reg Grundy, Australian TV producer and media mogul; in Sydney (d. 2016)
Mayme Agnew Clayton, African-American museum founder who amassed the largest privately held collection of African-American historical materials in the world; in Van Buren, Arkansas (d. 2006)
Iowa Senator Albert B. Cummins proposed a constitutional amendment limiting the president to one term only. "Human frailities are too great to stand the strain which the presidency places on a man", Cummins said. "We should limit the President to one term. It might be made a six year term, but I am not so sure about that even."[19]
Died: Candace Thurber Wheeler, 96, American business operator and the first major female interior designer, founder (1877) of the Society of Decorative Arts in New York, the New York Exchange for Women's Work, the interior decorating firm of Tiffany & Wheeler, and the textile manufacturer Associated Artists
August 6, 1923 (Monday)
Manuel Teixeira Gomes was elected President of Portugal by the 194 members of the Congresso da República in a joint session of the Senado and the Câmara dos Deputados on the third ballot. Requiring at least two-thirds of the votes cast, Gomes had 108 of 187 votes (57%) split among five candidates, with former president Bernardino Machado receiving 73. On the next ballot, Gomes had 117 of 200 votes cast (58%) to 71 for Machado. The final ballot was between Gomes and Machado only, with 68 of Machado's supporters casting blank votes and Gomes receiving 121 of the 126 cast.
German Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno called a conference of the six top party leaders where it was decided to put the country back on a gold basis.[22]
U.S. President Harding's funeral train reached Washington, D.C. at 10:22 p.m. and his casket was moved to the White House, where it lay overnight in the East Room.[23]
The Third Dáil, convened on September 9, 1922, as the Provisional Parliament of Southern Ireland in accordance with the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State, was dissolved by King George V of the United Kingdom at the request of Prime Minister W. T. Cosgrave. Elections for a new parliament were scheduled by Cosgrave for August 27.
Died:Petar Angelov; 45, former Bulgarian military officer and terrorist with Bulgaria's IMRO, was killed by members of a rival IMRO faction on orders of Todor Aleksandrov.[27]
German President Friedrich Ebert issued a proclamation outlawing the circulation of pamphlets calling for the overthrow of the government or acts of violence. The penalty was three years' imprisonment or a fine of up to 500 million marks.[29]
The first fossil of a velociraptor was discovered, in the course of an expedition by the American Museum of Natural History to the Flaming Cliffs in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. (1924).[30] Peter Kaisen discovered the fossil of the crushed but complete skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, which had been extinct for at least 71 million years.
The Cuno strikes broke out across Germany as opposition to Wilhelm Cuno hardened.[31] 35 workers were killed and 100 wounded around the country.[32]
Clarence Saunders announced that he was relinquishing control of the Piggly Wiggly supermarket chain after a failed gamble with Piggly Wiggly stocks cost him his entire fortune.[34]
Poland's newly completed port at Gdynia received its first ship, France's Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT) liner Kentucky, which diverted to Gdynia because of a strike of longshoremen at Danzig (now Gdansk). "Le Kentucky" reportedly "unloaded a live cargo of horses, and took 1,800 emigrants to Le Havre."[36]
The Bucareli Treaty was signed between Mexico and the United States, with Mexico's government to compensate U.S. companies for financial losses sustained during the Mexican Revolution, in return for U.S. recognition of the government of President Álvaro Obregón. The negotiations and ceremony took place at the Mexican Office of Interior Affairs government building located on Avenida Bucareli No. 85 in Mexico City.[37]
A coal mine explosion at the Kemmerer Coal Company killed 99 miners near Kemmerer, Wyoming.[40] The toll might have been higher but for the fact that nearly half of the usual force (115 out of 250 miners) were off for a holiday. An investigation determined that a fire boss had apparently attempted to relight his flame safety lamp by striking a match.[41]
A series of tidal waves killed at least 346 people on the western coast of Korea, and 1,000 were missing after 25,000 homes near the Yalu River were submerged in waves and flooding.[43]
Irish Free State troops arrested Éamon de Valera, referred to within the anti-Treaty faction of Sinn Féin as "President of the Irish Republic", as just as he began making a speech to his constituents at Ennis in County Clare in advance of the August 27 elections.[45]
A brawl involving 2,000 people broke out in Steubenville, Ohio when a banquet held in a hotel by the Ku Klux Klan was broken up by a mob swinging clubs and throwing bricks and bottles.[46]
Rose Marie (stage name for Rose Marie Mazzetta), American radio and TV actress and comedian; in New York City (d. 2017) Though known later generations for The Dick Van Dyke Show, she debuted as a child star on the NBC Radio Network at age 5 (d. 2017)
At the annual amateur bullfight in the French resort of Arles, four people were killed and 25 injured when an angry bull leaped over a barrier and charged at young men wishing to demonstrate their skill. A panicked crowd ran upward into the grandstand, which then collapsed under their weight.[47]
The leader of 70,000 workers in the Braunschweig region of Germany threatened to seize the government if their demands were not met.[32][48]
The Home Bank of Canada closed its doors, wiping out the savings of thousands of Canadians. The bank's collapse would become the subject of a government inquiry.[49][50]
Ratifications of the Washington Naval Treaty of February 6, 1922, were exchanged in Washington, D.C. by representatives of the U.S., UK, France, Italy and Japan, putting its terms into effect[51] The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, agreed upon by Britain and Japan on January 30, 1902, was officially terminated upon the ratification of the Four-Power Treaty of 1921.[52][53]
A typhoon killed more than 200 people at Macao, Portugal's colony on the mainland of China, with boats being capsized in the Macao harbor and buildings collapsing in the city from high winds and waves.[55]
At least 12 people were killed in the collapse of a church in the Spanish village of Navarredonda de la Rinconada, and 30 more were injured. The dead and injured were part of a crowd of 100 people who had climbed on top of the church roof to watch a bullfight in a bullring near the church.[56]
Claude Weaver III, American-born Royal Canadian Air Force ace during World War II who was shot down and escaped a German POW camp, then shot down a second time and killed (d. 1944)
Died:Ewald O. Stiehm, 37, American football and basketball coach and college athletics administrator, died of stomach cancer.
August 19, 1923 (Sunday)
The ordeal of Ada Delutuk Blackjack, the last survivor of five people who had been marooned on Wrangel Island above the Arctic Circle since September 15, 1921, ended as a rescue team arrived and returned her to Alaska. Harold Noice, leading the rescue expedition on the schooner Donaldson, reached the island after starting on August 2.[60] Blackjack had been the only Iñupiat (Alaskan native) on the expedition, hired as a cook for four men who were sent by Vilhjalmur Stefansson to claim Wrangel Island for Canada. Three of the men (Milton Galle, Fred Maurer and Allan Crawford) had departed on January 28 in an attempt to get supplies from Siberia, leaving Lorne Knight and Blackjack behind. Galle, Maurer and Crawford were never seen again, and Knight died on June 23.[61][62] The island is now part of the territory of Russia.
German electrical engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz said that by 2023, electricity would be doing all the hard work and people would not have to toil for more than four hours a day. Steinmetz also envisioned cities free of pollution and litter in a century's time.[63]
Lord Rothermere, in an editorial in his Sunday Pictorial, entreated Britain to preserve the Entente with France. "Europe without an entente is bound to mean an immense growth in armaments", he wrote. "We will have to resort at once to conscription without waiting for the outbreak of hostilities."[65]
The U.S. Navy airship U.S.S. Shenandoah, the first rigid airship to use helium for its buoyancy rather than the less expensive, but flammable hydrogen, was lifted off inside its immense hangar at the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst, New Jersey.[66][67] Based on the tests for controlling the ship, a powered flight was approved to take place on September 24.
Romeo A. Horton, Liberian economist and banker, founder of the Bank of Liberia and later the African nation's Secretary of Commerce, Industry and Labor; in Monrovia (d. 2005)
August 21, 1923 (Tuesday)
Off the coast of Japan, 88 men were killed during sea trials of Imperial Japanese Navy's Submarine Number 70.[72][73] The dead included 42 shipyard workers along with 46 Navy personnel, and only commanding officer and five other men survived. The sub was diving in the Seto Inland Sea near Awaji Island when a hatch was opened prematurely, and the wake of a passing ship swamped her.[74][75]
A second swearing-in ceremony was held for U.S. President Calvin Coolidge, 18 days after he had been sworn in by his father, a Vermont notary public, on August 2. Because of the question of whether the presidential oath had to be administered by a federal official, Judge Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia administered the oath to Coolidge at the Willard Hotel. After the ceremony, the Coolidges moved from the hotel to the White House.[76]
France delivered an official note to Britain in which it refused to make any concessions on the occupation of the Ruhr.[77][78]
The city of Kalamazoo, Michigan passed an ordinance forbidding a dancers to stare into their partners' eyes.[35]
German Finance Minister Rudolf Hilferding told the Reichstag that he planned to introduce heavy taxation as the only way to save the country.[84]
In a secret meeting of the Politburo of the Soviet Union's Communist Party, Leon Trotsky persuaded the leaders to approve a plan to finance the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands or KPD) overthrow of the German government. Karl Radek, Józef Unszlicht, Vasily Schmidt and Georgy Pyatakov, German-speaking members of the Party's Central Committee, were dispatched to Berlin to assist the KPD in planning a revolution to take place in October, with the goal of an industrial "Soviet Germany" to develop the mostly agrarian economy of the USSR.[85]
Giovanni Minzoni, 38, Italian priest who opposed the regime of Benito Mussolini, was murdered in Argenta by two enforcers of the Fascist Party who fractured his skull and beat him to death with clubs, apparently on orders from Italo Balbo.[86]
Henry C. Mustin, 49, American naval aviator who established the first Naval Air Station for the U.S. Navy, organizing what is now NAS Pensacola in Florida, died of heart disease.
Katō Tomosaburō, 62, Prime Minister of Japan since June 12, 1922, died after a short illness.[87] Viscount Uchida Kōsai, the Foreign Minister, served as acting premier until a permanent prime minister could form a new cabinet of ministers.[88] Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was selected by the Prince Regent Hirohito to attempt formation of a new cabinet.[89]
The Reichsministerium für die besetzten Gebiete (Ministry for Occupied Territories) was created in Germany by President Friedrich Ebert to administer the portion of the Ruhr Valley occupied by French and Belgium troops, with Johannes Fuchs serving as the Minister under Chancellor Gustav Stresemann. On the same day, Stresemann offered France a share in German industry in exchange for ending the occupation of territory.[90]
Right fielder Jackie Gallagher and pitcher Johnson Fry, both of whom had a career batting average of 1.000 in Major League Baseball, both appeared for the Cleveland Indians in a 20 to 8 loss at home to the Washington Senators. Fry and Gallagher were among 17 players put into the game by Cleveland, which used five pitchers in the game.[91] For both men, the event was their only MLB game and each got a hit the only at-bat in their careers, for a perfect batting average.
Born:
Homi Sethna, Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission who guided the development of India's first nuclear bomb, an atomic weapon first detonated on May 18, 1974; in Bombay, British India (d. 2010)
David Benton Jones, 75, Welsh-born American industrialist who acquired control of the manufacture of zinc and became one of the wealthiest men in the U.S.[92]
Violence broke out in Carnegie, Pennsylvania between citizens of the heavily Catholic community and the Ku Klux Klan. The mayor of Carnegie had stopped the KKK from being allowed to march in the town, but 10,000 Klansmen came out to hold a rally on a nearby hill and then about half of them began moving towards Carnegie anyway. The locals threw stones and a Klansman was shot dead; about a dozen arrests were made.[93][94]
Germany decided to put all workers on the gold basis rate.[95]
August 26, 1923 (Sunday)
A group of six young men became the first persons to climb to the top of the 7,795 feet (2,376 m) Mount Washington volcano in the U.S. state of Oregon.[96]
French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected Gustav Stresemann's offer of two days previous. "What we did fifty-three years ago, our former enemies can at least try to do today", Poincaré said, referring to the French indemnity after the Franco-Prussian War. "If not, they force us to execute on them what they menaced us with then – pay us or we stay."[97]
Peggy-Jean Montgomery, the 4-year-old star of the Principal Pictures Corporation who was billed as "Baby Peggy", was signed to the largest contract for a child actress up to that time, with one million dollars (about $15 million a century later) over a three-year period.[98]
Hertha Ayrton, 69, British physicist, mathematician and inventor known for her patents on arc lamps, electrodes, and divider calipers
August 27, 1923 (Monday)
The Irish Free State held its first parliamentary election since the State's founding, for 153 seats in the 4th Dáil.[100] The Cumann na nGaedheal party, led by Prime Minister W. T. Cosgrave, won 63 seats, while the Irish Republicans led by Éamon de Valera received 44. Although Cosgrave's party was 14 fewer than the required 77 for a majority, the Republicans elected refused to participate in the Dáil, and the Farmers' Party joined a coalition.[101]
Italian Army General Enrico Tellini, inspecting the disputed border between Greece and Albania as part of a League of Nations mission, was shot and killed in an ambush along with three officers and an interpreter.[102] On the Greek side of the border, between the town of Ioannina and the crossing at the Albanian town of Kakavijë, Tellini's automobile was stopped by a fallen tree and the group was killed. The Italian government blamed Greece for the killing, leading to the Corfu incident on August 31.[103]
Germany's government offered to end their passive resistance campaign in the Ruhr in exchange for the release of deportees and prisoners and a guarantee of the "safety of life and subsistence of the Ruhr population."[104]
Japan's Crown Prince Hirohito moved into the Akasaka Palace,[citation needed] intending to stay only temporarily, but would remain there for five years until two months before his coronation, because the Tokyo earthquake leveled available housing four days later on September 1.
Ex-Pennsylvania governor William Cameron Sproul suggested that Prohibition hastened the death of Warren G. Harding. "I think President Harding's death was accelerated by the fact that he thought it was his duty, because of Prohibition, to set a public example and abstain", Sproul said. "He was accustomed to an occasional drink of scotch. I was his personal friend and I know, and in that laborious task of a trip to Alaska, I'm sure he missed it."[107]
The trademark for Lincoln Logs, the notched wooden toys patented by John Lloyd Wright on August 31, 1920, was registered.[108]
Died:
Nathan Kaplan, 32, American gangster known as "Kid Dropper", was shot to death by hit man Louis Cohen while being transferred by a police car in New York City after his arrest.[109][110]
Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy, 60, Hungarian-born American portrait painter, who signed her work as "Princess Lwoff-Parlaghy" based on her brief marriage to Russian Prince Georgy Lvov, died in her New York City apartment hours before a deputy sheriff arrived to seize her paintings to satisfy a court judgment. An Associated Press reporter wrote, "Death today saved Princess Lwoff-Parlaghy from the ordeal of seeing her priceless art treasures seized to satisfy judgments against her for $212,000."[111]
August 29, 1923 (Wednesday)
Italy delivered a seven-point ultimatum to Greece demanding satisfaction over the recent murder of Italy's General Tellini, with the Greek government given 24 hours to agree to pay 50 million lire reparations, a full inquiry, execution of the killers, an official apology, and a funeral and military honors for the victims.[112] The next day, Greece replied with a four-point counterproposal refusing to pay the indemnity, but agreeing to an expression of sorrow, a memorial service and honors to the victims remains.[103]
The 12,807 feet (3,904 m) high Granite Peak in the U.S. state of Montana was scaled for the first time, with Elers Koch, James C. Whitham, and R.T. Ferguson making the ascent.[113]
The 12,519 feet (3,816 m) high South Teton mountain in the U.S. state of Wyoming was scaled for the first time, with mountain climbers Albert R. Ellingwood and Eleanor Davis making the first ascent. Later in the day, Ellingwood became the first person to climb the 12,809 feet (3,904 m) high Middle Teton mountain.[114]
Junior featherweight boxing champion Jack "Kid" Wolfe lost his world title in a 15-round decision against Carl Duane in a bout at Queensboro Stadium in New York City.[115]
Marmaduke Hussey, British journalist and chairman of the Board of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) from 1986 to 1996; in Surrey (d. 2006)[116]
Edward Irons, American economist and founding dean of the Howard University School of Business, as well as organizer of the first African American chartered bank, after the Great Depression, in the U.S.; in Hulbert, Oklahoma (d. 2022)
Died:
Bernard Durning, 30, American silent film director, died of typhoid fever after drinking contaminate water while in Brooklyn.
Princess Anastasia, 45, American-born heiress who went from May Stewart of Zanesville, Ohio to a member of royalty upon her 1920 marriage to Prince Christopher of Greece, died of cancer.[117]
August 30, 1923 (Thursday)
Chaney as Quasimodo, with Patsy Ruth Miller as co-star
The film The Hunchback of Notre Dame, starring Lon Chaney, premiered at Carnegie Hall in New York City.[118] The 102-minute silent movie, the most expensive (and highest-grossing) production of Universal Pictures up to that time, established Chaney as the premier horror film actor of the 1920s.
A riot broke out in the small city of Perth Amboy, New Jersey when a mob of 6,000 attacked a hall where a meeting of 150 members of the Ku Klux Klan was being held. Police and firemen tried to control the crowd with clubs, gas bombs and water hoses, but were overwhelmed.[119] Two cars full of Klansmen were intercepted before they could escape and the occupants were beaten.[120]
The annual Victory Day holiday, Zafer Bayrami, was celebrated in Turkey for the first time.[121] The event, a public holiday since 1926, commemorated Turkey's victory in the decisive Battle of Dumlupınar to win the Greco-Turkish War on August 30, 1922.
Maksim Passar, Soviet Army sniper, member of the Nanai Asian-Russian minority, who killed 237 enemy soldiers in World War II; in Nizhny Katar, Far Eastern Krai, Soviet Union (killed in action, 1943)
Died:
Nancy Green, 89, African-American storyteller, cook, activist and model for "Aunt Jemima", was killed in a pedestrian accident in Chicago. She was standing on a sidewalk at East 46th street when a car struck a laundry truck, which then "hurtled on to the sidewalk."[122]
Another anti-KKK riot broke out, this time near New Castle, Delaware when a mob attacked a Klan initiation ceremony. Five were shot in the fighting.[126]
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^"Recovery Gradual— Harding Resting Comfortably", Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1923, p. 1
^"Harding to Be Guest of State of California— Los Angeles and San Francisco Committees Turn Over Funds to Finance Hospitality", by Robert B. Armstrong, Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1923, p. 1
^Doherty, Edward (August 2, 1923). "Mrs. Al St. John Granted Decree from Comedian". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"HARDING'S DEATH STUNS NATION; PRESIDENT COOLIDGE SWORN IN", Los Angeles Times, August 3, 1923, p. 1
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^ abcMercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 308. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^"Emigration Shipping Lines of Gdynia, 1924-1939", by Oskar Myszor, in East Central Europe in Exile: Transatlantic Migrations, ed. by Anna Mazurkiewicz (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014) p. 165
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^Smitha, Frank E. (2013). "1923". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^"France Agrees to Slice Billions Off War Debt— Reply to Curzon Note Throws off Cloak of Secrecy; America Asked for Leniency", by Henry Wales, Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1923, p. 1
^"Two Hundred Are Killed in China Typhoon", Los Angeles Times, August 20, 1923, p. 1
^"Dozen Die in Fall of Roof at Bull Fight", Los Angeles Times, August 19, 1923, p. 2
^"France Signs New Trade Pact with Czecho-Slovakia". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 19, 1923. p. 16.
^"California's Schoolgirl Wonder Wins National Tennis Crown— Helen Wills Masters Molla in Court Duel", by Fred Hawthorne, Los Angeles Times, August 19, 1923, p. 8
^"Marooned Men Dead; Wrangell Island Trip in Vain— Eskimo Woman Alone Found Living by Harold Noice Relief Party", , Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1923, p. 1
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^Wales, Henry (August 23, 1923). "France Makes No Concessions on Occupation of Ruhr; Britain Must Back Down to Avoid Break of the Entente". Chicago Daily Tribune: 2.
^"Spanish Planes Rain Grenades on Moor Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 23, 1923. p. 2.
^"Germany Puts All Workers on Gold Basis". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 26, 1923. p. 3.
^"The Conquest of Mount Washington", by Ronald Sellars, Mazama magazine (December 1923), pp. 69–75
^Wales, Henry (August 27, 1923). ""Pay Us or We Stay", France Tells Berlin". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Baby Peggy Salary Put at Million— Child to Get One of Biggest Contracts for Three Years in History of Movies", Los Angeles Times, August 27, 1923, p. 1
^Antonín Klimek, Vítejte v první republice ("Welcome to the First Republic") (Havran, 2003) pp. 131–133
^"Election in Erin Quiet— Irish Voters Go Soberly to the Polls to the Surprise of the Whole World", Los Angeles Times, August 28, 1923, p. 1
^"Free State Leaders Win Seats in Irish Election", Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1923, p. 2
^"Commission From Italy Massacred— Three Establishing Border of Albania and Greece Assassins' Victims", Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1923, p. 1
^ abcBrecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan. pp. 583–584. ISBN978-0-472-10806-0.
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^"Gangster Slain From Ambush— Rival Penetrates Cordon of Police to Fire Shot", Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1923, p. 7
^"New Gang Methods Replace Those of Eastman's Days; Gunman Type Rules", The New York Times, September 9, 1923
^"Tragedy Averted By Death; Aged Princess, Portrait Painter, Dies Before Treasures Are Seized", AP report in Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1923, p. 1
^"Italy-Greece on Verge of War Over Massacre— Situation Grave as Army and Navy Prepare for Conflict; Italian Note Is Ultimatum", by V. De Santo, Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1923, p. 5
^Charlie Winger and Diane Winger, Highpoint Adventures: The Complete Guide to the 50 State Highpoints (Colorado Mountain Club Press, 2002) pp. 140–141
^Reynold G. Jackson "Park of the Matterhorns", by Reynold G. Jackson, in A Place Called Jackson Hole, ed. by John Daugherty (National Park Service, 1999)
^"Duane Outpoints Jack Wolfe", Daily News (New York), August 30, 1923, p. 42
^"Anastasia Is Dead; Princess Leaves Millions", Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1923, p. 1
^Soister, John T.; Nicolella, Henry (2012). American Silent Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Feature Films, 1913–1929. McFarland. p. 290. ISBN978-0-7864-8790-5.
^"Troops Called as 6,000 Rout Klan Meeting". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 31, 1923. p. 1.
^"'Aunt Jemima' of Pancake Fame Is Killed by Auto", Chicago Daily Tribune, September 4, 1923. p. 13
^"Kill Greeks at Corfu— Italian Fleet Takes Island; Fifteen Slain in Bombardment of School and Fort; Many Wounded", Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1923, p. 1
^Grasso, John (2014). Historical Dictionary of Boxing. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 180. ISBN978-0-8108-7867-9.
^"Obregon Regime in Mexico Is Recognized by Washington— Republics Agree to Resume Diplomatic Relations After Months of Negotiation; Ambassadors to Be Appointed Soon by Both Countries", Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1923, p. 1
