August 22, 1922: Provisional Irish Free State chairman Michael Collins killed in an ambush during the Irish Civil WarAugust 4, 1922: All telephones in the United States cease for one minute of silence in honor of telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell
The following events occurred in August 1922:
August 1, 1922 (Tuesday)
Britain published the Balfour Note, which declared that Britain would give up reparations claims as well as claims on other Allies to the extent that the United States would do the same with respect to Britain's debts.[1] The Note was met with great anger by the Americans for their being made to appear as greedy and an obstacle to international recovery.[2][3]
Forty people were killed and 50 injured when two trains carrying pilgrims to Lourdes collided between Agen and Tarbes, near Auch. In all, almost 500 passengers were on the two trains, which were both climbing uphill to Tarbes and Lourdes. According to the investigation, "the first train was too heavily laden and unable to climb a sharp gradient" and "the driver decided to return to Agen and ran down the hill backward" without regard to the second train.[4][5]
The House of Commons voted to expel MP Horatio Bottomley, the editor of John Bull magazine and a representative of the Hackney South constituency, after Bottomley's May 23 conviction on felony charges of fraud.[6]
William E. Crow, 52, U.S. Senator for Pennsylvania since October 1921 "Senator Crow Dies After Long Illness"[14]
August 3, 1922 (Thursday)
Radio station WGY of Schenectady, New York, introduced the concept of the weekly broadcast of a drama series, as "The WGY Players" presented The Wolf, an adaptation by director Edward H. Smith of a play by Eugene Walter.[15] The play was presented as three episodes between piano and soprano solos in a 40-minute concert program that began at 8:45 in the evening. Smith began perfecting radio drama sound effects and the WGY Players presented weekly plays in serial form, each condensed to fit the blocks of time available.[16]
Two days of street fighting between Socialists and Fascists began in Milan, Italy. The building housing the Socialist newspaper Avanti! was destroyed.[10]
The U.S. Treasury said that the Balfour Note would have no effect on the American policy towards foreign debts.[17]
The "lats" was introduced as the currency of Latvia,[citation needed], valued at one gold French franc and equivalent to 50 paper Latvian rubles. It would last until Latvia's annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940. It would be revived in 1993 until replaced by the Euro.[18]
A contingent of 1,500 National Army of Ireland troops landed in ships at three ports of County Kerry to retake the area of Munster from the Irish Republican Army, with 450 coming ashore at Fenit on the ferry SS Lady Wicklow and others landing at Tralee.[21][22] and Passage West.
The Aliens Decree was issued by the Bolshevik government of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, specifying which Belarusians could be citizens of the Soviet Union. All former subjects of the Russian Empire who were at least 14 years old and permanent residents were allowed to apply for citizenship, and all children younger than 14 were granted automatic citizenship. Citizenship could be denied to those who had defied the Soviet government or who failed to apply by the end of the year.
Born: Loro Boriçi, Albanian soccer football forward and later the manager of the Albania national team; in Shkodër (d. 1984)
Died:
Nikolai Belelubsky, 77, Russian civil engineer and leading bridge designer in Imperial Russia
Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov, 73, Imperial Russian Navy officer who had surrendered his fleet to the Japanese Imperial Navy in the 1905 Battle of Tsushima despite the order of the Tsar.[26]
General Enver Pasha, 40, former Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire and leader of "Army of Islam" troops in a rebellion against the Boslehviks, came under attack by an ethnic Armenian brigade of the Soviet Red Army and was killed in battle near the village of Ab-i-Derya outside of the city of Dushanbe in what is now Tajikistan.[27][28] Enver had been convicted of war crimes in a court-martial in 1920 for his role in the massacre of Armenians.
August 5, 1922 (Saturday)
A train collision in Sulphur Springs, Missouri killed 34 people and injured 186, the worst train disaster in Missouri history.[29] The Missouri Pacific express train 4, running from Fort Worth, Texas to St. Louis, crashed into a slower moving local train with 100 passenger, which had stopped at the Sulphur Springs station to take on water, and the local's wooden coaches were splintered. Many of the victims who survived the initial impact were scalded by steam from the No. 4 engine, while others drowned when their train cars rolled down an embankment into a creek.[30] An inquest concluded that the express train engineer, who was killed in the accident, had been negligent in failing to observe a stop signal because he had been reading orders handed to him at an earlier stop.[31]
Taxi driver Arthur Partridge introduced an independent bus service, "Chocolate Express".[32] Partridge became the first to challenge the monopoly that was held in London by the British Electric Traction and Underground Electric Railways. Within two years, other independent bus companies, referred to as "pirate operators", would follow Partridge's lead and as many as 500 independent buses would be competing the BET/UER monopoly for customers on London's streets. The independents would be outlawed by the London Traffic Act 1924, which limited bus operations to those licensed by the city.
Sandy Kenyon, voice actor and character actor, in New York City (d. 2010)
Died:Tommy McCarthy, 59, American baseball player and inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame, known for his innovations and for being the only Hall member who played in the Union Association
The first specimen of the Dukes' skipper butterfly (Euphyes dukesi) was discovered by entomologist W. C. Dukes in Alabama, and named for him in 1923 by Arthur Ward Lindsey.[38]
Born:
Doug Ford (Douglas Fortunato), American professional golfer, 1955 PGA Championship and 1957 Masters Tournament winner; in West Haven, Connecticut (d. 2018)
Rear Admiral Uriel Sebree, 74, U.S. Navy officer, former Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leader of two rescue missions in the Arctic Ocean, second Governor of American Samoa
Katharina Scheven, 61, German women's rights activist and campaigner against legalized prostitution
The IRA blew up a telegraph cable station in Waterville, County Kerry, cutting communication lines between the United States and Europe.[42] Saboteurs took possession of the principal station operated by the Commercial Cable Company in Waterville and wrecked the equipment. Communication from the U.S. was still possible on the Western Union cable based at Penzance.[43] After more than two weeks of more expensive cables to and from the U.S., the Commercial Cable station at Waterville was recaptured by the Free Staters on August 25.[44]
Ken Williams of the St. Louis Browns, who would be the home run champion of the American League for the season, became the first player to hit two home runs in a single inning of a baseball game.
The day after sabotaging the Commercial Cable system at Waterville, Irish Republicans raided the Western Union station at Valentia Island and severed the four remaining transatlantic cables linking the U.S. and Ireland.[46][47]
The recently-built British Royal Navy cruiser HMS Raleigh, commissioned only one year earlier, ran aground at L'Anse Amour, Labrador, and sank. The 800 crew on board were able to evacuate.[52][53] About 12 sailors drowned or died of hypothermia after the lifeboat they were in overturned.[54] The wreckage remains underwater as an attraction to divers.
Fourteen people were condemned to death in Soviet Russia for conspiring against the government. The judgments, however, were not enforced and those sentenced were not executed.[55][56]
Irish Free State troops landed four ships and 1,500 troops on the western coast of Ireland to invade Cork, Youghal and Bantry, encountering resistance from the Irish republicans only at Bantry. Rebels set Queenstown on fire in their retreat.[57]
Irish Free State forces captured Cork, but not before retreating Republican forces set it on fire.[58][59]
Stuntman John Stevenson was killed during the filming of an episode of the movie serial Plunder while standing in for actress Pearl White.[60] Stevenson was on location at Columbus Avenue in New York City and was attempting to jump from a moving bus to catch a girder, but lost his grip, fell and fractured his skull. Plunder would be released on January 28 and run for 15 installments.
Germany and the United States signed a treaty that provided for the establishment of a joint American-German commission to decide the amount of reparations to be paid by the German government to the U.S. The agreement supplemented the U.S.–German Peace Treaty that had gone into effect on November 11, 1921.
Born: Claudine Mawby and Claudette Mawby, twin sisters who joined their older sister Angela to form The Mawby Triplets as a trio of film actresses; in England. Claudette was killed in 1942 during an air raid on Brighton; Claudine would live until 2012.
During a debate in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, a Communist deputy said that the recent general strike had failed because the proletariat had been insufficiently armed. Fascist deputies rose and began shaking their fists, and Francesco Giunta pulled out a revolver. The session was abruptly suspended and the galleries ordered cleared, although the chaotic scene of shouting and gesticulating continued for another half-hour.[62]
Born:
Lyle Stuart (pen name for Lionel Simon), American gambler and author of books about casino gambling; in New York City (d. 2006)
Ron Grainer, Australian-born television music composer for British television known for the themes to Doctor Who and The Prisoner; in Atherton, Queensland (d. 1981)
Died:
Umberto Valenti, 30, Sicilian-born American gangster and hit man for the D'Aquila crime family, was shot to death in New York City on orders of Genovese family boss Joe Masseria, who had lured Valenti to a meeting at a cafe. Valenti had earlier killed Morello gang leader Vincenzo Terranova.
U.S. President Warren G. Harding's attempt to mediate the six-week-old railroad strike ended in failure, after leaders of the striking labor unions rejected his plan to have the matter of seniority referred for arbitration by the Railroad Labor Board.[65]
August 14, 1922 (Monday)
The London reparations conference broke off without an agreement.[66]
Hebrew, Arabic and English were designated as the official languages of Mandatory Palestine as part of the "Palestine Order in Council" issued by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, with a requirement that all notices of government would be published in three languages. Upon the founding of the nation of Israel in 1948, Hebrew became the only official language but English and Arabic were used for road signs in areas where the Arabic-speaking population (one-fifth of persons in Israel) is predominant.
The Semi-Centennial Geyser erupted in Yellowstone National Park in the U.S., sending columns of water up to 300 feet (91 m) high and scattering debris and rocks as far away as 300 feet (91 m). The location, north of Roaring Mountain, came five months after the 50th anniversary of the March 1, 1872, designation of Yellowstone as the first U.S. national park, prompting the name "semi-centennial". The geyser, located 23 miles (37 km) from Old Faithful, leveled off and ceased eruptions by the end of the year.
Born: Dr. John Grant, Australian neurosurgeon who pioneered parasport competition for disabled athletes; in Sydney (d. 2013)
Levy Mayer, 63, American civil defense lawyer and one of the wealthiest attorneys in the United States.[70] Meyer left an estate worth $25 million, equivalent to almost $420 million a century later.
August 15, 1922 (Tuesday)
Germany defaulted on its reparations payment, declaring in a note that due to demand for foreign currency to pay for necessities of life and hyperinflation, it could not afford to pay.[71]
"Shufflin' Phil" Douglas, a baseball pitcher who had helped his New York Giants win the 1921 World Series and who had the best ERA up to that time for the 1922 season, was permanently banned from baseball after offering to take money to quit his team in order for the St. Louis Cardinals to capture the pennant.[73]
Jiao Yulu, Chinese Communist Party official, used in promotional campaigns during the Cultural Revolution as a "revolutionary martyr" and the ideal Chinese citizen; in Yuanquan, Shandong province (died of liver cancer, 1964)
George Knowland, British Army soldier posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for heroism in the Battle of Hill 170 in Burma during World War II; in Catford, London (killed in action, 1945)
August 17, 1922 (Thursday)
Forest fires ravaged northeastern Minnesota, leaving six people dead and hundreds homeless.[75]
Krishnamurti
Jiddu Krishnamurti, an Indian resident of the U.S., began what he called " an intense 'life-changing' experience", becoming ill and then semi-conscious, awakening with a new philosophy.[76] For the rest of his life, he would tour the world, write books and attract followers to his Krishnamurti Foundation schools in India and the United States until his death in 1986.
Father Vladimir Abrikosov of Russia, who had converted from Russian Orthodoxy to Catholicism and then ordained a Roman Catholic priest, was arrested by Soviet authorities for persuading other Russians to become Catholic. Initially sentenced to death, Abrikosov was spared the death penalty and on September 29, he would be expelled along with 150 other intellectuals and live in exile until his death in 1966.
U.S. Bureau of Prohibition agents began a crackdown on hip flasks, small metal containers used by persons wishing to bring their own liquor with them to a social occasion, giving notice to resort and restaurant operators in New York City that they could be held liable for not prohibiting patrons from bringing alcohol into their establishments.[77]
The day after Arthur Maertens set a record by keeping a glider aloft for more than an hour at a gliding competition in Germany[78] Frederich Hentzen was able to remain in the air for more than two hours over the Wasserkuppe using the Hannover H 1 Vampyr.[79]
President Harding addressed Congress on the industrial crisis in the country caused by the railway and coal strikes. He urged the implementation of his recommendations to confront them, which included the creation of an independent federal commission to investigate conditions in the coal industry as well a national coal agency (the Federal Coal Commission) aimed at the prevention of profiteering.[80]
Died:
Dame Geneviève Ward, 85, American-born English stage actress and opera soprano
Louis Kramer, 74, American baseball executive and the last president of the American Association, which had challenged the National League as a rival until its demise at the end of the 1891 season.
Palmyra Atoll, a 4.6 square miles (12 km2), uninhabited island in the North Pacific Ocean, within the jurisdiction of the United States but owned almost entirely by one man, Judge Henry E. Cooper, was sold by Cooper to Les Fuller-Leo and his wife Ellen Fuller-Leo, for $15,000 (equivalent to $231,918 in 2020).[82] The Fuller-Leo family would sell the property to The Nature Conservancy in 2000 for $30 million.[83]
Born:
Gwendoline Butler, English mystery novelist who also wrote under the pen name "Jennie Melville"; in South London (d. 2013)
H. Bolton Seed, British-born civil engineer and specialist in earthquake-resistant construction; in Bolton, Lancashire (d. 1989)
Francis Leon (stage name for Frank Glassey), 77, white American man who specialized in performing as an African-American woman in drag and in blackface to create the character of a prima donna in minstrel shows
Born: George Mackaness, Australian immunologist known for his research into activation of macrophage white blood cells for immunotherapy; in Sydney (d. 2007)
August 21, 1922 (Monday)
French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré said that France would not consent to a moratorium on German reparations unless the country's mines and national forests were placed in Allied hands as a guarantee.[85]
George Bernard Shaw told the Chicago Tribune, "Everyone in Ireland is tired of the present political situation. I don't know what Éamon de Valera and Erskine Childers are after. When popular opinion turned against them they should have accepted the popular verdict and then tried to convert the Irish people to their views."[86]
Michael Collins, Commander-in-Chief of Ireland's National Army, was shot dead in an ambush at Béal na Bláth (Anglicized as "Bealnablath").[87] Collins had set out at dawn, accompanied by 20 Irish National Army guards, for an inspection tour of various posts in County Cork. At 6:30 in the evening, as he left Bandon to return to Cork City, an estimated 200 Republicans attacked the Nationals.[88]
The Rudolph Valentino silent film Blood and Sand, one of the most popular films of the year, had its world premiere at the Rialto Theater in Los Angeles.
WKAV in Laconia, New Hampshire went on the air, the first commercial radio state in that state and the first north of Boston.[91]
Born:
Micheline Presle, French film actress who appeared in English language and French language movies; in Paris (d. 2024)
Fred Oesterreich, 44, American textile manufacturer, was murdered in his home by Otto Sanhuber, one of his former employees the secret lover of his wife, Walburga "Dolly" Oesterreich. Sanhuber had been hiding in two of the Oesterreichs' homes for more than 8 years.
August 23, 1922 (Wednesday)
The crew of the American freighter SS Philadelphia mutinied after the ship had been prohibited from leaving the Bay of Naples by Italian customs officials, who had blocked it because of nonpayment for repairs.[92] The men ransacked and burned the ship, rendering it a total loss.[93]
The Federación Peruana de Futbol (FPF), the national governing body for soccer football in the South American nation of Peru, was founded in Lima with Claudio Martínez Bodero of the Atletico Chalaco team as its first president. The FPF took over the administration of the Liga Peruana de Foot Ball, which held a tournament from 1912 to 1922.
The city of Riverbank, California, located near Modesto, was incorporated in Stanislaus County. Its population increased 30-fold between 1930 when it had 803 people, to 2020 and now has a population of almost 25,000.
Died: Albert J. Hopkins, 76, U.S. politician who represented Illinois in Congress from 1885 to 1909, 18 years as Representative and 6 years as U.S. Senator
August 24, 1922 (Thursday)
The Ku Klux Klan raided a gathering outside the town of Mer Rouge, Louisiana, kidnapped five white men who were vocal opponents of the Klan and murdered two of them, though the bodies would not be found until December. This led to one of the most famous criminal cases involving the KKK.[94]
The German mark began to crash again, falling to 8,000 against 1 British pound or 2,000 to the American dollar.[33][95]
On the last day of the glider competition in Germany, Frederich Hentzen kept the Vampyr motorless airplane aloft for more than three hours and maintained an altitude of 1,000 feet (300 m).[96]
The body of Michael Collins was brought to Dublin and borne on a gun carriage through the streets as large throngs of mourners watched in silence.[97]
Walter Rotman, American electrical engineer and inventor who created the Rotman lens to provide multi-beam capability for radar systems, as well as the frequency scanning antenna; in St. Louis (d. 2007)
Died: William Wilson Talcott, 43, American publisher and former star quarterback, committed suicide by jumping from an excursion boat. His death came on the same day that his wife was released from a mental hospital.
The Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies combined to score an all-time major league baseball record 49 runs in the same game. The Cubs won, 26 to 23.[98] Cubs player Marty Callaghan had the distinction of batting three times in a single inning, facing the pitcher thrice in the fourth (when 14 runs were scored by the Cubs), getting hits twice and striking out once. On May 17, 1979, the Cubs and Phillies would combine for 45 runs, with the Phillies winning, 23 to 22.[99]
Born:
Rear Admiral Teme Sejko, Albanian Navy officer executed on charges of planning to sell the ships of the Albanian Navy to the United States Sixth Fleet; in Konispol (d. 1961)
Les Schubert, Australian sheep farmer and wool grower with 65,000 sheep and 5,000 square km (1,930 square miles) of farmland; in Peep Hill, South Australia (d. 2012)
August 26, 1922 (Saturday)
All but seven of the 301 crew of the Japanese Navy cruiser Niitaka died when the ship was driven aground and overturned in a storm off of the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.[100][101][102]
Henry Ford announced that all Ford Motor Company plants would close down on September 16 because of the industrial crisis, with no definite date for reopening.[105]
The popular BroadwaymusicalTangerine, which had premiered at the Casino Theatre on August 9, 1921, closed after 361 performances.
A non-binding referendum on prohibition of alcohol was held in Sweden, with about 889,000 (49%) voting "Ja" for banning the sale and over 925,000 (51%) voting "Nej" against it.[109][110]
The trimonthly Soviet humor and satire magazine Krokodil published its first issue [111] At its height, it had 5.8 million subscribers (comparable to the circulation for Time magazine in the U.S. at the same time). [111] Losing popularity after the fall of Communism and the restrictions against the press, Krokodil would publish its last issue in 2000.
Fanny Rabel (Fanny Rabinovich), Polish-born Mexican mural painter (d. 2008)
Died:
Francis S. Peabody, 63, American coal baron and founder of Peabody Coal Company, the largest private coal company in the world. Peabody, who had invited wealthy guests for the first deer hunt of the season at his estate, Hinsdale, near Chicago, had apparently suffered a stroke and searchers found his horse standing beside him.[112]
Dr. Stephen Smith, 99, American surgeon who established the first public health agency in the United States, the Metropolitan Board of Health in New York City (1866), and later co-founded the American Public Health Association (1872). "Dr. Stephen Smith Dies in 100th Year— Famous Physician Was a Pioneer in Sanitary Reforms in New York City", The New York Times, August 27, 1922, p. 28
At 5:15 in the afternoon, WEAF of New York City, owned by the Western Electric subsidiary of AT&T, made the first-ever broadcast of an advertisement, a radio commercial for a newly opened Queensboro Apartments complex in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of Queens.[113][114][115] A man identified as Mr. Blackwell spoke on behalf of Queensboro Corporation, which had paid $50 for 15 minutes of airtime on WEAF and used it to advocate suburban living and to promote the purchase of the rent-to-own apartments in Jackson Heights. Referring to the advantages of an "apartment-home" where one could "enjoy all the latest conveniences and contrivances demanded by the housewife and yet have all of the outdoor life that the city dweller yearns for but has deludedly supposed could only be obtained thru purchase of a house in the country," and closed with the statement "You owe it to yourself and you owe it to your family to leave the hemmed-in, sombre-hued, artificial apartment life of the congested city section and enjoy what nature intended you enjoy."[113]
Died: Prince Gaston of Orleans, 80, French-born grandson of King Louis Philippe of France who became an officer in the Army of Spain during its war against Morocco and later in the Army of Brazil in the war against Paraguay, and who had been the groom of Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil in Brazil's first and only royal wedding.
August 29, 1922 (Tuesday)
The sinking of the Chilean steamship Itata killed 309 of the 321 people on board when it foundered off of the coast of Chile at Coquimbo.[117] The ship was reportedly overloaded before it lost its rudder and went down in a gale. While the Itata was able to launch three lifeboats, all three boats capsized, and only 13 survivors reached land.[118][119][120]
Greek General Trikupis surrenders his sword to Turkey's Mustafa Kemal Pasha.[121]
At the decisive Battle of Dumlupınar, the Turkish Land Forces effectively won the Greco-Turkish War after more than three years of fighting as it defeated the Greek Army and forced Greece to give up its claims on the area around the city of İzmir (formerly Smyrna) two days later. Greek forces left Asia Minor permanently. August 30 is now celebrated as Victory Day in Turkey as public holiday in honor of the Turkish Armed Forces.
Wisconsin GovernorJohn J. Blaine urged President Harding to ask authority of Congress to take over and operate the coal mines and coal mining railroads to avoid the potential "fatal consequences that are sure to come to the people of this state unless they get coal now."[122]
Regina Resnik, American opera singer for the Metropolitan Opera; in The Bronx, New York City (d. 2013)
Willi Dansgaard, Danish scientist and pioneer in the field of paleoclimatology, the reconstruction of information about climate in ancient times by data in rocks, ice sheets and trees; in Copenhagen (d. 2011)
Barbara Stephens, American investigative journalist who was killed in a plane crash in China while investigating the Chinese government (d. 1947)
Died: Nellie Grant, 67, American-British socialite who was 13 years old when her father Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1869 and 18 when she had the second White House wedding of a President's daughter in 1874.[123]
August 31, 1922 (Thursday)
Former Prime Minister of MongoliaDambyn Chagdarjav and his successor, Dogsomyn Bodoo were both executed by gunshot after having been convicted on a charge of counterrevolution against the Communist regime that they had helped install in 1921. Their deaths came as part of a purge of officials of the Soviet-backed Communist organization, the Mongolian People's Party by party leader Soliin Danzan.[124] Danzan and his political allies would be executed two years later in a purge within the party in 1924.
The Allied Reparations Commission unanimously decided to grant Germany a six-month moratorium on reparations payments.[125]
Al Capone was arrested in Chicago after he hit a taxicab driving drunk, then pulled out a gun and threatened to shoot one of the witnesses.[126]
^"Britain Calls on Allies to Pay Her What She Pays Us", The New York Times, August 2, 1922, p. 1
^Wales, Henry (August 2, 1922). "Britain Paints U.S. as World Simon Legree". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
^Feldman, Gerald D. (2014). The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation 1914–1924. Oxford University Press. p. 456. ISBN978-0-19-977228-5.
^"Forty Pilgrims Killed 52 Hurt; Fire Causes Panic in Train Collision", The New York Times, August 2, 1922, p. 1
^"House of Commons Expels Bottomley as Convicted Felon", The New York Times, August 2, 1922, p. 1
^"Report on the Swatow Typhoon", Monthly Weather Review (August, 1922) p. 435
^"Typhoon Killed Many Chinese in Swatow Region", Victoria (BC) Daily Times, August 4, 1922, p. 1
^"Typhoon Killed 60,000", The New York Times, August 18, 1922, p. 3
^ ab"1922". Music And History. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
^"Dr. Bell, Inventor of Telephone, Dies; Sudden End, Due to Anemia, Comes in Seventy-Sixth Year at His Nova Scotia Home", The New York Times, August 3, 1922, p. 13
^"Harry Boland Dies; Sought Arms Here", The New York Times, August 2, 1922, p. 1
^Sherwood, Dane; Wood, Sandy; Kovalchik, Kara (2006). The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Not So Useless Facts. Alpha Books. p. 85. ISBN978-1-59257-567-1.
^"Famed Russian Admiral Is Dead of Starvation", Brooklyn (NY) Times Union, August 6, 1922, p. 29
^"Enver Pasha Found Slain in Battle— Former Turk War Minister and Allies' Foe Dies in British Uniform Fighting Soviets", Washington Evening Star, August 17, 1922, p. 1
^"Enver Pasha Slain By Soviet Force— Turks' War Leader Is Left Dead On the Field After Desperate Fight in Bokhara", The New York Times, August 18, 1922, p. 15
^"Italian Army Rule in Five Provinces", The New York Times, August 7, 1922, p. 1
^"On the Male Genitalia of the Hesperiidae of North America", by Henry Skinner and R.C. Williams Jr., Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1925 p.65
^Jackson, Kenneth T. (1992). The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Inc. p. 188. ISBN978-1-4617-3005-7.
^Wales, Henry (August 8, 1922). "Needy France Acts Alone, if Allies Falter". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"US Cable Cut", The Times (London), August 8, 1922
^"Irish Seize Cables, Cut American Lines— Communication With Great Britain, France, Germany and Northern Continent Is Stopped", The New York Times, August 8, 1922, p. 1
^"Free State Troops Win Back 5 Cables", The New York Times, August 26, 1922, p. 3
^De Santo, V. (August 9, 1922). "Fascisti Halt Drive on Reds at Rome's Call". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Irish Raid Cables Again; Cut 4 Lines", The New York Times, August 9, 1922, p. 1
^"Business Crippled by Cable Seizures", The New York Times, August 10, 1922, p. 1
^"Free State Lands 1,500 Near Cork; Queenstown Afire", The New York Times, August 10, 1922, p. 1
^"Free State Forces Capture Cork City; Rebels Set It Afire", The New York Times, August 11, 1922, p. 1
^"Fires Wreck Cork; Loss Is £ 2,000,000; Free Staters Finally Take City, With 50 Prisoners, Losing Seven in Killed", The New York Times, August 12, 1922, p. 1
^"Film Actor Killed in a Flying Leap", The New York Times, August 11, 1922, p. 1
^"Soldier Field". Chicago Architecture Info. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
^"Revolver is Drawn in Italy's Chamber; Deputy Disarmed". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 12, 1922. p. 2.
^"Nation's Centre in Smith County, Kan.", The New York Times, August 12, 1922, p. W 14
^"Britain Proposes Two-Thirds Cut in German Debt". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 13, 1922. p. 1.
^Wilcox, Grafton (August 14, 1922). "Harding Rail Parley Fails". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Disagreement Ends London Conference", The New York Times, August 15, 1922, p. 1
^"Irish Republicans Capture Dundalk; Attack in the Early Morning Takes the Small National Garrison by Surprise", The New York Times, August 15, 1922, p. 19
^"Northcliffe Dies of Heart Disease at His London Home", The New York Times, August 15, 1922, p. 1
^"Koemmenich Ends Life; Famous Composer Found Dying in Apartment, With Gas On", The New York Times, August 15, 1922, p. 5
^"Levy Mayer, Noted Lawyer, Found Dead' Attorney for the 'Big Five' Packers and the Liquor Interests Left a Large Fortune", The New York Times, August 15, 1922, p. 11
^Pupul Jayakar, Krishnamurti: a biography (Harper & Row, 1986), pp. 46-57
^"Uncle Sam Starts War on Hip Flasks— Broadway Resorts Warned by Squad That Diners Must Not Bring Liquor In", The New York Times, August 18, 1922, p. 1
^"German Glider Flies for Sixty-Six Minutes— Maertens, a Hanover Student, Reaches a Height of 100 Meters, Circling at Will", The New York Times, August 21, 1922, p. 1
^"'Sailplane' Flies 2 Hours 10 Seconds in German Tests— Pilot in Motorless Machine Soars and Hovers as Spectators Marvel at His Control", by Cyril Brown, The New York Times, August 21, 1922, p. 1
^"No German Moratorium Without Mines and Forests As Guarantee – Poincaré". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 21, 1922. p. 1.
^Curran, Hugh (August 22, 1922). "Irish Tired of Rebel Brigands – Bernard Shaw". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 12.
^"Michael Collins Shot Dead in Ambush; Chief of the Irish Free State Slain While Leading War on Rebels in Cork", The New York Times, August 23, 1922, p. 1
^"Collins Died Facing Odds of Ten to One; With 20 Men He Defeated 200 Rebels, Firing After Being Mortally Wounded", The New York Times, August 24, 1922, p. 1
^"SMASH RADICAL NEST NEAR BRIDGMAN; 15 REDS SEIZED— Break Up Convention of 75 Communist Chieftains", St. Joseph (Mich.) Herald-Press, August 22, 1922, p. 1
^"W.Z. Foster Seized in Radical Roundup", The New York Times, August 24, 1922, p. 1
^"Mutiny and Fire on American Ship— The Philadelphia, Held in Naples in a Dispute Over Repair Bills, Is Set Ablaze; 76 of Crew Are Arrested", The New York Times, August 24, 1922, p. 13
^"Booze, Brawls and Blaze on Terror Voyage", New York Tribune, September 8, 1922, p. 6
^Swift, Otis (August 25, 1922). "Riot in Berlin as Mark Hits 2,000 to $1". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"German Sailplane Flies Three Hours— Hentzen Eclipses 2 Hours' Record, Soars 1,000 Feet, Lands Above Starting Point", by George Renwick, The New York Times, August 26, 1922, p. 1
^"Body of Collins Reaches Dublin; City in Mourning". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 24, 1922. p. 1.
^"Cubs and Phillies Smash 2 Records; Chicago Team Wins Weird Game in Which 51 Hits Are Made, 26-23", The New York Times, August 26, 1922, p. 7
^Stephen Howarth, The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 (Atheneum, 1983)
^"Japanese War Vessel Is Sunk, Loss Life Heavy— Cruiser Niitaka Went Down During a Typhoon and Nearly 300 Perished", Ottawa Evening Journal, August 30, 1922, p. 1
^"17 Saved from Niitaka", The New York Times, September 1, 1922, p. 3
^"Fire Traps 48 Amador Miners in Shaft", Oakland Tribune, August 29, 1922, p. 1
^"48 Men Entombed in California Mine; Rescuers Strive All Day in Vain to Save Workers Cut Off in Gold Pit Fire", The New York Times, August 29, 1922, p. 32
^"Wets Lead in Vote Taken in Sweden", The New York Times, August 28, 1922, p. 4
^ ab"20 Kopecks Buys You Satire Soviet Style", by Dan Fisher, Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1977, p.I-12 ("As it approaches its 55th birthday Aug. 27, the magazine Krokodil is, indeed, among the Soviet Union's most popular publications.")
^"F. S. Peabody Found Dead on Hunting Field", The New York Times, August 28, 1922, p. 8
^Lindsay, David (2005). Madness in the Making: The Triumphant Rise & Untimely Fall of America's Show Inventors. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 339. ISBN978-0-595-34766-7.
^Barnouw, Erik (2009). The Sponsor: Notes on a Modern Potentate. Transaction Publishers. pp. 15–16. ISBN978-1-4128-3913-6.
^"Michael Collins Borne to Grave; Ireland Mourns". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 28, 1922. p. 1.
^316 Perish, 248 of Them Passengers, When Chilean Coaster Sinks Near Coquimbo", The New York Times, August 30, 1922, p. 1
