Amyotha Hluttaw

House of Nationalities အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော် Amyotha Hluttaw
Type
Type	Upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
Term limits	5 years; can serve for three consecutive years upon reelection
History
Founded	31 January 2011 (2011-01-31)
Preceded by	People's Assembly (1974–1988)
Leadership
Speaker	Vacant since 31 January 2021
Deputy Speaker	Vacant since 31 January 2021
Seats	224 MPs
Elections
Last Amyotha Hluttaw election	8 November 2020 (annulled)
Meeting place
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Complex, Naypyidaw
Website
www.amyothahluttaw.gov.mm

The Amyotha Hluttaw (Burmese: အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော်, IPA: [ʔəmjóðá l̥ʊʔtɔ̀]; House of Nationalities) is the de jure upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 224 members, of which 168 are directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces. The last elections to the Amyotha Hluttaw were held in November 2015.[1] At its second meeting on 3 February 2016, Mahn Win Khaing Than and Aye Thar Aung were elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw and Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw as a whole.[2]

After the coup d'état on 1 February 2021, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was dissolved by Acting President Myint Swe, who declared a one-year state of emergency and transferred all legislative powers to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing.[3]

House of Nationalities Building

Composition

Constituency boundaries

House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw) consists of 224 members: 168 directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces, under a unique constitutional provision that has no parallel in the world. Twelve representatives are elected by each state or region (inclusive of relevant Union territories, and including one representative from each Self-Administered Division or Self-Administered Zone).[4]

2016–2021

Amyotha Hluttaw elections, 2015[5]
Party		Seats	Net gain/loss	Seats %	Votes %	Votes	+/−
	NLD	135	132	60.27
	USDP	11	113	4.91
	ANP	10	4	4.46
	SNLD	3	2	1.34
	TNP	2	2	0.89
	ZCD	2	2	0.89
	MNP	1	1	0.45
	NUP	1	4	0.45
	PNO	1	1	0.45
	Independent	2	2	0.89
	AMRDP	0	4	0
	SNDP	0	3	0
	Others	0	18	0
	Military appointees	56		25.00	–	–	0
Total		224						{{{votes}}}

Amyotha Hluttaw by Regions and States, 2015
Region/State	NLD	USDP	ANP	SNLD	ZCD	PNO	TNP	MNP	NUP	Independent	Total
Kachin State	10								1	1	12
Kayah State	9	2								1	12
Kayin State	10	2									12
Chin State	9	1			2						12
Mon State	11							1			12
Rakhine State	1	1	10								12
Shan State	3	3		3		1	2[6]				12
Sagaing Region	12										12
Tanintharyi Region	12										12
Bago Region	12										12
Magway Region	12										12
Mandalay Region	10	2									12
Yangon Region	12										12
Ayeyarwady Region	12										12
Total	135	11	10	3	2	1	2	1	1	2	168

2015 results are as of 20 November 2015. Military appointees are not included in the Amyotha Hluttaw by Regions and States, 2015 table.[7]

2011–2016

General election, 2010

Party		Seats[8]	%
	Union Solidarity and Development Party	129	57.59
	Rakhine Nationalities Development Party	7	3.13
	National Unity Party	5	2.23
	National Democratic Force	4	1.79
	All Mon Region Democracy Party	4	1.79
	Chin Progressive Party	4	1.79
	Shan Nationalities Democratic Party	3	1.33
	Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party	3	1.33
	Chin National Party	2	0.89
	Pa-O National Organisation	1	0.45
	Kayin People's Party	1	0.45
	Taaung (Palaung) National Party	1	0.45
	Wa Democratic Party	1	0.45
	Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State	1	0.45
	Kayin State Democracy and Development Party	1	0.45
	Independent	1	0.45
	Military appointees	56	25.00
Total		224	100

Changes between 2010 and 2012, which were not addressed by the 2012 by-election

Date	Constituency	Old MP	Party	New MP	Party	Note
August 2011	Rangoon Division No. 3	Phone Myint Aung	NDF	Phone Myint Aung	NNDP	Changed party membership[9]
December 2011	Rangoon Region No. 4	Myat Nyana Soe	NDF	Myat Nyana Soe	NLD	Changed party membership[10]
28 January 2012	Sagaing Division No. 2	Bogyi aka Aung Ngwe	USDP	–	–	Deceased[11]

By-election, 2012

Party		Seats won	Change	Seats before	Seats after[12]
	Union Solidarity and Development Party	1	5	128	123
	Rakhine Nationalities Development Party	0		7	7
	National Unity Party	0		5	5
	National League for Democracy	4	4	1	5
	National Democratic Force	0		2	2
	New National Democracy Party	0		1	1
	All Mon Region Democracy Party	0		4	4
	Chin Progressive Party	0		4	4
	Shan Nationalities Democratic Party	1	1	3	4
	Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party	0		3	3
	Chin National Party	0		2	2
	Pa-O National Organization	0		1	1
	Kayin People's Party	0		1	1
	Taaung (Palaung) National Party	0		1	1
	Wa Democratic Party	0		1	1
	Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State	0		1	1
	Kayin State Democracy and Development Party	0		1	1
	Independent	0		1	1
Vacant		0		1	1
	Military appointees	–	–	56	56
Total		6		224	224

Changes between 2012 and 2015

Date	Constituency	Old MP	Party	New MP	Party	Note
5 February 2013	Rangoon Division No. 6	Tin Shwe	NDF	–	–	Became a Deputy Minister[11]
2013	Arakan State No. 4	Maung Sa Pru	RNDP	–	–	Deceased[11]

See also

• Politics of Burma
• List of legislatures by country
• Assembly of the Union
• State and Region Hluttaws

References

1. "Myanmar election commission publishes election final results". Xinhuanet. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010.
2. "Burma's parliament opens new session". BBC News. 31 January 2011.
3. • "Amid Coup, Myanmar's NLD Lawmakers Form Committee to Serve as Legitimate Parliament". The Irrawaddy. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
   • "Myanmar coup: Week of Feb.1 to Feb. 21, EU action in focus as foreign ministers set to meet". Nikkei Asia. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
   • Ratcliffe, Rebecca (5 February 2021). "'We're not brainwashed': a week of turmoil in Myanmar". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
   • Smith, Patrick; Mogul, Rhea; Eppler, Kyle (1 February 2021). "Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to resist Myanmar military coup". NBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
4. 2008 Constitution, Myanmar. Pg. Article 141 (a)
5. "Announcement 93/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
6. "Announcement 95/2015". Union Election Commission. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
7. "Announcement 93/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
8. "Burma's 2010 Elections: A comprehensive report" (PDF). Burma Fund UN Office. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
9. "New political party says it wants to work for a peaceful Burma". Mizzima. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
10. "NDF MPs rejoin NLD". Mizzima. 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
11. "National Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch". ALTSEAN Burma. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
12. "National Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch". ALTSEAN Burma. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012.