860s
Decade
The 860s decade ran from January 1, 860, to December 31, 869.
Events
860
This section is
transcluded from
AD 860 .
(edit | history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
King Charles the Bald gives the order to build fortified bridges across the Seine and Loire Rivers, to protect Paris and the Frankish heartland against Viking raids. He hires the services of Weland , a Viking chieftain based on the Somme , to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the Isle of Oissel . Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge bribe (6,000 pounds of silver ) to let them escape.[ 3]
Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking Luna (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the River Arno to sack the cities of Pisa and Fiesole (Tuscany ).[ 4]
Summer – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack Winchester (the capital of Wessex ), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained.[ 5]
December 20 – King Æthelbald of Wessex dies after a 2½-year reign.[ 6] He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king Æthelberht of Kent , who becomes sole ruler of Wessex.[ 7]
Iberian Peninsula
By topic
Art
Communication
Religion
861
This section is
transcluded from
AD 861 .
(edit | history )
By place
Europe
March – Robert the Strong is appointed margrave of Neustria by King Charles the Bald . He re-establishes the Breton March , and extends his remit by campaigning against Salomon , duke 'king' of Brittany . Robert hires a combined Seine -Loire fleet for 6,000 pounds of silver , 'before Salomon can ally with them against him'. In return, Salomon enlists 12 Viking ships under the command of Hastein , to raid the county of Maine , which, with Anjou , becomes squeezed between Brittany and Neustria.
Spring – The Council of Constantinople , attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates, confirms Photius the Great as patriarch, and passes 17 canons.
Carloman , eldest son of King Louis the German , revolts against his father. He is captured, but manages to escape to the Ostmark (or 862 ).
Summer – Viking raiders sack the cities of Paris , Cologne , Aachen , Worms and Toulouse .
Abbasid Caliphate
Dirham Bust of Al-Mutawakkil. He was assassinated by his Turkic guards and his son on the night of 11 December 861
By topic
Hydrology
862
This section is
transcluded from
AD 862 .
(edit | history )
By place
Europe
The Varangians (called Rus' ), under the leadership of Rurik , a Viking chieftain, arrive (with his brothers, Sineus and Truvor ) at Staraya Ladoga . He builds a trade settlement near Novgorod (modern Russia ), and founds the Rurik Dynasty .
King Lothair II of Lotharingia tries to divorce his wife Teutberga , on trumped-up charges of incest . With the support of his brother, Louis II , the bishops give him permission to remarry during a synod at Aachen .
March – Viking raiders led by Weland are trapped at Trilbardou Bridge (Northern France ), and submit to King Charles the Bald . He and his family accept Christianity (they are baptised ) before leaving Neustria .
Robert the Strong , margrave of Neustria, captures 12 Viking ships and kills their crews. He pays tribute (Danegeld ) for keeping the Vikings out of Neustria.[ 9]
Carloman , eldest son of King Louis the German , revolts against his father. He is captured, but manages to escape to the Ostmark (or 861 ).
First raid of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin at the request of Rastislav of Moravia against the East Frankish Kingdom .[ 10]
The first written record (according to the Primary Chronicle ) is made of the towns of Belozersk and Murom (Northern Russia).
Viking forces sack Cologne .
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
China
By topic
Religion
863
This section is
transcluded from
AD 863 .
(edit | history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Asia
Armenia
By topic
Religion
864
This section is
transcluded from
AD 864 .
(edit | history )
By place
Europe
Spring – Emperor Louis II (the Younger ) marches with a Frankish army against Rome . While en route to the papal city, he becomes ill, and decides to make peace with Pope Nicholas I .
July 25 – Edict of Pistres : King Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings . He creates a large force of cavalry , which inspires the beginning of French chivalry .
Viking raiders, led by Olaf the White , arrive in Scotland from the Viking settlement of Dublin (Ireland ). He rampages the country, until his defeat in battle by King Constantine I .
Robert the Strong , margrave of Neustria , attacks the Loire Vikings in a successful campaign. Other Viking raiders plunder the cities of Limoges and Clermont , in Aquitaine .
King Louis the German invades Moravia , crossing the Danube River to besiege the civitas Dowina (identified, although not unanimously, with Devín Castle in Slovakia ).[ 15] [ 16]
Pepin II joins the Vikings in an attack on Toulouse . He is captured while besieging the Frankish city. Pepin is deposed as king of Aquitaine , and imprisoned in Senlis .
September 13 – Pietro Tradonico dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by Orso I Participazio , who becomes doge of Venice .
King Alfonso III conquers Porto from the Emirate of Cordoba . This is the end of the direct Muslim domination of the Douro region.[ 17]
Asia
By topic
Religion
865
This section is
transcluded from
AD 865 .
(edit | history )
By place
Europe
King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. Carloman receives Bavaria (with more lands along the Inn River ). He gives Saxony to Louis the Younger (with Franconia , and Thuringia ) and Swabia (with Raetia ) to Charles the Fat . Louis arranges marriages into the local aristocracy , for his sons to hold important territories along the frontiers.
King Lothair II , threatened with excommunication , takes back his first wife, Teutberga . She expresses her desire for an annulment , but this is refused by Pope Nicholas I .
Boris I , ruler (knyaz ) of the Bulgarian Empire , suppresses a revolt , and orders the execution of 52 leading boyars , along with their whole families.
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
By topic
Religion
866
This section is
transcluded from
AD 866 .
(edit | history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
Japan
By topic
Religion
867
This section is
transcluded from
AD 867 .
(edit | history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Vikings or "Danes " (the two terms were often used interchangeably at the time), comprising the Great Heathen Army , advance northward from bases in the Kingdom of East Anglia , into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria .
Deira , the southernmost part of Northumbria, is conquered by the Vikings. Ivar the Boneless , one of their leaders, installs a puppet king of Northumbria, Ecgberht I .[ 25]
The rival monarchs of Northumbria, Ælla and Osberht , join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson . Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the blood eagle : a combined method of torture and execution.
Surviving members of the Northumbrian court flee into the northernmost part of the kingdom, Bernicia .
By topic
Religion
868
This section is
transcluded from
AD 868 .
(edit | history )
By place
Europe
Britain
Africa
Asia
869
This section is
transcluded from
AD 869 .
(edit | history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Arabian Empire
Japan
Mesoamerica
By topic
Religion
Significant people
Births
860
Bertila of Spoleto , queen of Italy (approximate date)
Donald II , king of Scotland (approximate date)
Georgios I , king of Makuria (approximate date)
Ibn Abd Rabbih , Moorish writer and poet (d. 940 )
John X , pope of the Catholic Church (d. 928 )
Ludmila , Bohemian duchess regent and saint (approximate date)
Odo I , king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 859 )
Robert I , king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 866 )
Sancho Garcés I , king of Pamplona (approximate date)
Sergius III , pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
Tudwal Gloff , Welsh prince (approximate date)
Vasugupta , Indian writer and philosopher (d. 925 )
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
Deaths
860
December 3 – Abbo , bishop of Auxerre
December 20 – Æthelbald , king of Wessex [ 6]
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī , Muslim mathematician
'Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi , Muslim governor
Athanasia of Aegina , Byzantine noblewoman
Constantine Kontomytes , Byzantine general
Govindasvāmi , Indian astronomer (approximate date)
Guy I , duke of Spoleto (approximate date)
Halfdan the Black , Norwegian nobleman
Sedulius Scottus , Irish grammarian
Tunberht , bishop of Lichfield (approximate date)
861
Shuja also known as Umm Jaʽfar was the mother of Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil.
April 6 – Prudentius , bishop of Troyes
December 11
Al-Mutawakkil , Abbasid caliph (b. 822 ), On the night of 11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink.
al-Fath ibn Khaqan , chief confidante and councillor of al-Mutawakkil
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani , Persian astronomer
Álvaro of Córdoba , Mozarab scholar and theologian
Ansovinus , bishop of Camerino (approximate date)
Bai Minzhong , chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 792 )
Gladilanus , Galician clergyman (approximate date)
Gregory of Khandzta , Georgian archimandrite (b. 759 )
Heonan , king of Silla (Korea )
Princess Ito of Japan
Lando I , count of Capua
Meinrad of Einsiedeln , German hermit and martyr
Pribina , Slavic prince (approximate date)
Samuel of Kakheti , Georgian prince
862
April 13 – Donald I , king of Scotland (b. 812 )
July 2 – Swithun , bishop of Winchester
September 26 – Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi , Muslim military leader (b. c. 790 )
Æthelred II , king of Northumbria
Al-Muntasir , Muslim caliph (b. 837 )
Bugha al-Kabir , Muslim general
Lupus Servatus , Frankish abbot (approximate date)
Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid , High King of Ireland
Ruarc mac Brain , king of Leinster (Ireland)
Tahir ibn Abdallah , Muslim governor
863
January 25 – Charles of Provence , Frankish king (b. 845 )
June 4 – Charles , archbishop of Mainz
June 6 – Abu Musa Utamish , Muslim vizier
October 4 – Turpio , Frankish nobleman
Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani , Muslim governor
Bivin of Gorze , Frankish nobleman
Daniél ua Líahaiti , Irish abbot and poet
Duan Chengshi , Chinese official and scholar
Karbeas , leader of the Paulicians
Mucel , bishop of Hereford (approximate date)
Muirecán mac Diarmata , king of Leinster
Umar al-Aqta , emir of Melitene
Yahya ibn Muhammad , Idrisid emir of Morocco[ 37]
864
September 13 – Pietro Tradonico , doge of Venice
Al-Fadl ibn Marwan , Muslim vizier
Al-Fadl ibn Qarin al-Tabari , Muslim governor
Arnold of Gascony , Frankish nobleman
Bi Xian , chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 802 )
Ennin , Japanese priest and traveler
Hucbert , Frankish nobleman (b. 820 )
Laura , Spanish abbess
Lorcán mac Cathail , king of Uisneach (Ireland )
Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i , Muslim vizier (or 865 )
Pei Xiu , chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 791 )
Sancho II , count of Gascony (approximate date)
Sergius I , duke of Naples
Trpimir I , duke (knez ) of Croatia
Yahya ibn Umar , Muslim imam (or 865)
865
February 3 – Ansgar , Frankish monk and archbishop (b. 801 )
March 8 – Rudolf of Fulda , German theologian
November 11 – Petronas , Byzantine general
December 26 – Zheng , empress of the Tang dynasty
Æthelberht , king of Wessex
Antony the Younger , Byzantine governor and saint (b. 785 )
Deshan Xuanjian , Chinese Zen Buddhist monk
Gao Qu , chancellor of the Tang dynasty
Kassia , Byzantine abbess and hymnographer
Khurshid , ruler (shah ) of Daylam
Liu Gongquan , Chinese calligrapher (b. 778 )
Lothair the Lame , Frankish abbot
Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i , Muslim vizier (or 864 )
Pepin II , king of Aquitaine (approximate date)
Ragnar Lodbrok , king of Denmark and Sweden
Raymond I , count of Toulouse
Rorgon II , count of Maine (approximate date)
Tigernach mac Fócartai , king of Lagore (Ireland )
Wenilo , Frankish archbishop
Xiao Zhi , chancellor of the Tang dynasty
Yahya ibn Umar , Muslim imam (or 864)
866
April 21 – Bardas , Byzantine chief minister and regent
May 27 – Ordoño I , king of Asturias
June 21 – Rodulf , Frankish archbishop
July 2 – Robert the Strong , Frankish nobleman
July 16 – Irmgard , Frankish abbess
October 17 – Al-Musta'in , Abbasid caliph
Adelaide of Tours , Frankish noblewoman
Al-Mu'ayyad , Abbasid prince
Charles the Child , king of Aquitaine
Eberhard , duke of Friuli
Emenon , Frankish nobleman
Hungerus Frisus , bishop of Utrecht
Linji Yixuan , Chinese monk and founder of the Linji school
Liudolf , duke of Saxony
Ranulf I , Frankish nobleman (b. 820 )
Robert , Frankish nobleman (b. 834 )
Rudolph , Frankish nobleman
Wang Shaoyi , general of the Tang Dynasty
Yahya ibn Yahya , Idrisid emir of Morocco[ 38]
867
March 21 – Ælla , king of Northumbria
March 21 – Osberht , king of Northumbria
November 13 – Nicholas I , pope of the Catholic Church
Auisle , Viking leader (approximate date)
Cormac mac Connmhach , Irish monk and scribe
Donnchad mac Aedacain , king of Uisneach (Ireland )
Eahlstan , bishop of Sherborne
Fujiwara no Yoshimi , Japanese nobleman (b. 813 )
Fujiwara no Yoshisuke , Japanese statesman (b. 813)
Galindo Aznárez I , count of Aragon
Gottschalk of Orbais , German monk and theologian
Lazarus Zographos , Byzantine monk and painter
Louis , Frankish archchancellor and abbot
Michael III , emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 840 )
Muhammad ibn Abdallah , Abbasid governor
Qarin I , ruler (spahbed ) of the Bavand Dynasty
Wasif al-Turki , Abbasid general
Wulfsige , bishop of Lichfield
868
Ali al-Hadi , tenth Shia Imam
Al-Jahiz , Afro-Muslim scholar and writer (b. 776 )
Bugha al-Sharabi , Turkish military leader
Conwoïon , Breton abbot (approximate date)
Minamoto no Makoto , Japanese prince (b. 810 )
Muzahim ibn Khaqan , Muslim governor
Stephania , wife of Adrian II
Theotgaud , archbishop of Trier
Yang Shou , chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Yu Xuanji , Chinese poet (or 869 )
869
February 14 – Cyril , Byzantine missionary and bishop
August 8 – Lothair II , king of Lotharingia (b. 835 )
September 8 – Ahmad ibn Isra'il al-Anbari , Muslim vizier
September 18 – Wenilo , Frankish archbishop
October 14 – Pang Xun , Chinese rebel leader
November 20 (or 870 ) – Edmund the Martyr , king of East Anglia
Al-Darimi , Muslim scholar and imam
Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi , Muslim jurist (approximate date)
Al-Jahiz , Afro-Muslim scholar and writer (or 868 )
Al-Mu'tazz , Muslim caliph (b. 847 )
Dongshan Liangjie , Chinese Buddhist teacher (b. 807 )
Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig , king of Leinster (Ireland )
Ermentrude of Orléans , queen of the Franks (b. 823 )
Gundachar , count (or margrave ) of Carinthia
Leuthard II , Frankish count (or 858 )
Rothad of Soissons , Frankish bishop
Shapur ibn Sahl , Persian physician
Solomon , Frankish count (approximate date)
Yu Xuanji , Chinese poet (or 868 )
References
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^ Vasiliev, Alexander (1925). The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860 . Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America. pp. 188–189.
^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings , pp. 60–61. Penguin Books: ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8 .
^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings , p. 59. Penguin Books: ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8 .
^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great , p. 20. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5 .
^ a b "Aethelbald - king of Wessex" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 21 February 2018 .
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^ Martínez Diez, Gonzalo (2007). Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 25. ISBN 978-84-96467-47-7 . JSTOR j.ctt6wpw4q .
^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings , p. 61. Penguin Books: ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8 .
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^ History of the Arabs by Philip K. Hitti.
^ Dick, Preston (2023-02-24). "Beyond the Trivia - Fish Fridays" . KRCG . Retrieved 2023-03-01 .
^ "How Did the Roman Catholic Tradition of Eating Fish on Fridays Begin?" . March 15, 2019. Retrieved 2023-03-01 .
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^ Victor H. Mair 2016 (lecture). "Dunhuang as Nexus of the Silk Road during the Middle Ages" on YouTube (58:30~58:40) Getty Research Institute . Accessed September 15, 2016.
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^ Gransden, Antonia (2004). "Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/8500 . ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8 . (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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Sources