1957 in the United States List of events
Events from the year 1957 in the United States .
Incumbents
Governors and lieutenant governors
Governors
Governor of Alabama : Jim Folsom (Democratic )
Governor of Arizona : Ernest McFarland (Democratic )
Governor of Arkansas : Orval Faubus (Democratic )
Governor of California : Goodwin Knight (Republican )
Governor of Colorado : Edwin C. Johnson (Democratic ) (until January 8), Stephen L. R. McNichols (Democratic ) (starting January 8)
Governor of Connecticut : Abraham A. Ribicoff (Democratic )
Governor of Delaware : J. Caleb Boggs (Republican )
Governor of Florida : LeRoy Collins (Democratic )
Governor of Georgia : Marvin Griffin (Democratic )
Governor of Idaho : Robert E. Smylie (Republican )
Governor of Illinois : William G. Stratton (Republican )
Governor of Indiana : George N. Craig (Republican ) (until January 14), Harold W. Handley (Republican ) (starting January 14)
Governor of Iowa : Leo A. Hoegh (Republican ) (until January 17), Herschel C. Loveless (Democratic ) (starting January 17)
Governor of Kansas :
Governor of Kentucky : Happy Chandler (Democratic )
Governor of Louisiana : Earl K. Long (Democratic )
Governor of Maine : Edmund Muskie (Democratic )
Governor of Maryland : Theodore R. McKeldin (Republican )
Governor of Massachusetts : Christian A. Herter (Republican ) (until January 3), Foster Furcolo (Democratic ) (starting January 3)
Governor of Michigan : G. Mennen Williams (Democratic )
Governor of Minnesota : Orville L. Freeman (Democratic )
Governor of Mississippi : James P. Coleman (Democratic )
Governor of Missouri : Phil M. Donnelly (Democratic ) (until January 14), James T. Blair Jr. (Democratic ) (starting January 14)
Governor of Montana : J. Hugo Aronson (Republican )
Governor of Nebraska : Victor E. Anderson (Republican )
Governor of Nevada : Charles H. Russell (Republican )
Governor of New Hampshire : Lane Dwinell (Republican )
Governor of New Jersey : Robert B. Meyner (Democratic )
Governor of New Mexico : John F. Simms (Democratic ) (until January 1), Edwin L. Mechem (Republican ) (starting January 1)
Governor of New York : W. Averell Harriman (Democratic )
Governor of North Carolina : Luther H. Hodges (Democratic )
Governor of North Dakota : Clarence Norman Brunsdale (Republican ) (until January 3), John E. Davis (Republican ) (starting January 3)
Governor of Ohio :
Governor of Oklahoma : Raymond D. Gary (Democratic )
Governor of Oregon : Elmo Smith (Republican ) (until January 14), Robert D. Holmes (Democratic ) (starting January 14)
Governor of Pennsylvania : George M. Leader (Democratic )
Governor of Rhode Island : Dennis J. Roberts (Democratic )
Governor of South Carolina : George Bell Timmerman Jr. (Democratic )
Governor of South Dakota : Joe Foss (Republican )
Governor of Tennessee : Frank G. Clement (Democratic )
Governor of Texas : Allan Shivers (Democratic ) (until January 15), Price Daniel (Democratic ) (starting January 15)
Governor of Utah : J. Bracken Lee (Republican ) (until January 7), George Dewey Clyde (Republican ) (starting January 7)
Governor of Vermont : Joseph B. Johnson (Republican )
Governor of Virginia : Thomas Bahnson Stanley (Democratic )
Governor of Washington : Arthur B. Langlie (Republican ) (until January 14), Albert D. Rosellini (Democratic ) (starting
Governor of Wisconsin : Walter J. Kohler Jr. (Republican ) (until January 7), Vernon W. Thomson (Republican ) (starting January 7)
Governor of Wyoming : Milward L. Simpson (Republican )
January 14)
Lieutenant governors
Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : William G. Hardwick (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Nathan Green Gordon (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of California : Harold J. Powers (Republican )
Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Stephen L. R. McNichols (Democratic ) (until January 8), Frank L. Hays (Republican ) (starting January 8)
Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Charles W. Jewett (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : John W. Rollins (Democratic ) (until January 15), David P. Buckson (Republican ) (starting January 15)
Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : S. Ernest Vandiver (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : J. Berkeley Larsen (Republican )
Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : John William Chapman (Republican )
Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Harold W. Handley (Republican ) (until January 15), Crawford F. Parker (Republican ) (starting January 15)
Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Leo Elthon (Republican ) (until January 17), William H. Nicholas (Republican ) (starting January 17)
Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : John McCuish (Republican ) (until January 8), Joseph W. Henkle Sr. (Democratic ) (starting January 8)
Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Harry Lee Waterfield (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Lether Frazar (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Sumner G. Whittier (Democratic ) (until January 3), Robert F. Murphy (Democratic ) (starting January 3)
Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Philip A. Hart (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Karl Rolvaag (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Carroll Gartin (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : James T. Blair Jr. (Democratic ) (until January 14), Edward V. Long (Democratic ) (starting January 14)
Lieutenant Governor of Montana : George M. Gosman (Republican ) (until month and day unknown), Paul Cannon (Democratic ) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : vacant (until January 10), Dwight W. Burney (Republican ) (starting January 10)
Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Rex Bell (Republican )
Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Joseph Montoya (Democratic ) (until April), vacant (starting April)
Lieutenant Governor of New York : George DeLuca (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : vacant (until month and day unknown), Luther E. Barnhardt (Democratic ) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Clarence P. Dahl (Republican ) (until January 9), Francis Clyde Duffy (Republican ) (starting January 9)
Lieutenant Governor of Ohio :
Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : Cowboy Pink Williams (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Roy E. Furman (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : vacant (until month and day unknown), Armand H. Cote (Democratic ) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : Ernest Hollings (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : L. Roy Houck (Republican )
Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : Jared Maddux (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Texas : Ben Ramsey (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Consuelo N. Bailey (Republican ) (until January 10), Robert T. Stafford (Republican ) (starting January 10)
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Allie Edward Stokes Stephens (Democratic )
Lieutenant Governor of Washington : Emmett T. Anderson (Republican ) (until January 14), John Cherberg (Democratic ) (starting January 14)
Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : Warren P. Knowles (Republican )
Events
January
Dwight D. Eisenhower , the 34th president of the United States , began his second term on January 20
January 2 – The San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge to form the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange .
January 6 – Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the third and final time. He is only shown from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing "Peace In The Valley". Ed Sullivan describes Elvis thus: "This is a real decent, fine boy. We've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we've had with you. You're thoroughly alright."
January 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon are inaugurated for a second term as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States respectively.
January 22 – The New York City "Mad Bomber", George Metesky , is arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut , and charged with planting more than 30 bombs.
January 23 – Ku Klux Klan members force truck driver Willie Edwards to jump off a bridge into the Alabama River ; he drowns as a result.
January 31 – Pacoima aircraft accident : Three students on a junior high school playground in Pacoima, California , are among the 8 persons killed following a mid-air collision between a Douglas DC-7 airliner and a Northrop F-89 Scorpion fighter jet, in the skies above the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles .
February
March
March 26: Elvis Presley buys Graceland
March 4 – Standard & Poor's first publishes the S&P 500 Index in the United States.
March 7 – The United States Congress approves the Eisenhower Doctrine on assistance to Communist-threatened foreign regimes.
March 10 – Floodgates of The Dalles Dam are closed, inundating Celilo Falls and ancient Native American fisheries along the Columbia River in Oregon .
March 13 – The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation arrests Jimmy Hoffa and charges him with bribery .
March 22 – The 5.7 Mw San Francisco earthquake shook the Bay Area in California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong ), causing $1 million in losses, one death and forty injuries.
March 25 – Copies of Allen Ginsberg 's Howl and Other Poems (first published November 1, 1956 ), printed in the UK, are seized by United States Customs Service officials in San Francisco , on the grounds of obscenity .[ 2] On October 3 , in People v. Ferlinghetti , a subsequent prosecution of publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti , the work is ruled not to be obscene.[ 3]
March 26 – 22-year-old Elvis Presley buys Graceland on 3734 Bellevue Boulevard (Highway 51 South) for $100,000. He and his family move from the house on 1034 Audubon Drive.
March 27 – The 29th Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by Jerry Lewis and Celeste Holm , is held at RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood . The ceremony started a trend toward blockbusters and colorful spectaculars, with Michael Anderson 's Around the World in 80 Days winning Best Motion Picture chief among them. The film is tied with Walter Lang 's The King and I for the most awards with five, while George Stevens ' Giant receives the most nominations with ten, including Stevens' second Best Director win.
March 31 – Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella , the team's only musical written especially for television, is telecast live and in color by CBS, starring Julie Andrews in the title role. The production is seen by millions, but this 1957 version is not telecast again for more than 40 years, when a kinescope of it is shown.
April
May
June
July
August
August 5 – American Bandstand , a local dance show produced by WFIL-TV in Philadelphia, joins the ABC Television Network.
August 21 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces a 2-year suspension of nuclear testing.
August 28 – United States Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) sets the record for the longest filibuster with his 24-hour, 18-minute speech railing against a civil rights bill.
September
October
November
December
December 2: Shippingport Reactor goes online
Undated
Operation Dropshot , an all-out U.S. war with the Soviet Union, is expected to be triggered by the Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia, as it was anticipated in 1949.
Ongoing
Births
January
Karen Pence
Steve Harvey
Frank Miller
January 1
January 4 – Patty Loveless , American country music singer
January 6
Freddie Glenn , American spree killer and rapist, convicted of murdering the younger sister of actor Kelsey Grammer
Nancy Lopez , American golfer
January 7
January 8
January 12 – John Lasseter , American director, writer and animator
January 13
January 15
January 17 – Steve Harvey , African-American comedian, television host, radio personality and actor[ 8]
January 21 – Greg Ryan , American soccer coach
January 26 – Road Warrior Hawk , American professional wrestler (d. 2003 )
January 27 – Frank Miller , American comic book writer
January 30 – Payne Stewart , American golfer (d. 1999 )
February
John Turturro
March
Marlon Jackson
Vanessa Bell Calloway
Spike Lee
April
Denise Nickerson
April 1 – Denise Nickerson , actress (d. 2019 )
April 8 – Fred Smerlas , American football player and radio host
April 11
April 11
April 12
April 14 – Richard Jeni , comedian (d. 2007 )
April 16 – Essex Hemphill , African American poet and gay activist (d. 1995 )
April 17 – Afrika Bambaataa , DJ and producer
April 18 – Genie , feral child
April 21 – Jesse Orosco , baseball player
April 23 – Jan Hooks , actress and comedian (d. 2014 )
April 27 – Robert Curtis Brown , television, film and stage actor
April 29 – Timothy Treadwell , environmentalist and filmmaker (d. 2003 )
May
Joan Benoit
Ted Levine
June
Frances McDormand
July
Nana Visitor
July 3
July 8 – James E. Malone Jr. , American politician (d. 2024 )
July 9 – Kelly McGillis , American actress
July 10 – Cindy Sheehan , American anti-war activist
July 12
July 13 – Cameron Crowe , American writer and film director
July 16 – Faye Grant , actress
July 21 – Jon Lovitz , actor and comedian
July 24 – Jack O'Callahan , professional ice hockey player
July 26 – Nana Visitor , actress
July 27 – Matt Osborne , professional wrestler (d. 2013 )
July 31 – Paul Provenza , comedian
August
Melanie Griffith
Denis Leary
August 1 – Taylor Negron , actor (d. 2015 )[ 15]
August 2
August 5 – Clayton Rohner , actor
August 6 – Jim McGreevey , 52nd Governor of New Jersey
August 9 – Melanie Griffith , American actress
August 11 – Richie Ramone , American rock drummer
August 14 – Tony Moran , American actor and producer
August 16
August 18 – Denis Leary , comedian and actor
August 19 – Martin Donovan , actor
August 22 – Holly Dunn , country music singer and songwriter (d. 2016 )[ 16]
August 28
August 30 – Manu Tuiasosopo , American football player
August 31 – Gina Schock , American drummer (The Go-Go's )
September
Michael Madsen
September 3 – Earl Cureton , American basketball player (d. 2024 )
September 8 – Heather Thomas , American actress and activist
September 11
September 13 – Vinny Appice , drummer
September 15 – Brad Bird , American animator and director
September 18 – Mark Wells , American professional ice hockey player
September 21 – Ethan Coen , American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor
September 22
Mark Johnson , American professional ice hockey player and coach
Ted Williams , announcer, radio personality, and voice-over artist
September 24 – Brad Bird , American director, screenwriter, animator, producer and actor
September 25 – Michael Madsen , American actor
September 27 – Peter Sellars , theatre director
September 28 – Bill Cassidy , Senator from Louisiana, physician and politician
September 29 – Andrew Dice Clay , American comedian
September 30 – Fran Drescher , American actress
October
Bernie Mac
Martin Luther King III
October 4 – Bill Fagerbakke , American voice actor
October 5 – Bernie Mac , African-American comedian and actor (d. 2008 )
October 7
October 12 – Renee Chenault-Fattah , journalist
October 14
October 15 – Stacy Peralta , American director and skateboarder
October 16 – Jim Hodges , American installation artist
October 18 – Gary Gensler , American banker[ 19]
October 21 – Steve Lukather , American musician
October 23 – Martin Luther King III , African-American human rights advocate and community activist
October 24 – John Kassir , American actor and comedian
October 25 – Nancy Cartwright , actress[ 20]
October 26 – Bob Golic , American football player
October 29 – Dan Castellaneta , American actor
October 30 – Kevin Pollak , American actor
October 31
November
Denise Crosby
Caroline Kennedy
November 1 – Peter Ostrum , American child actor and veterinarian
November 5 – Jon-Erik Hexum , American actor (d. 1984 )
November 6
November 7 – Christopher Knight , American actor
November 9 – Eric Sievers , American football player (d. 2024 )
November 10 – George Lowe , American voice actor and comedian
November 13
November 14 – Gregg Burge , American tap dancer and choreographer (d. 1998 )
November 15 – Kevin Eubanks , American jazz guitarist
November 19 – Tom Virtue , American actor
November 22 – Don Newman , American basketball player and coach (d. 2018 )
November 23 – William Kaelin Jr. , American cellular biologist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019
November 24 – Denise Crosby , American actress
November 26 – Kevin Kamenetz , American politician (d. 2018 )
November 27 – Caroline Kennedy , American author and attorney
December
Michael Clarke Duncan
Ray Romano
December 1 – Vesta Williams , American singer-songwriter (d. 2011 )
December 4 – Eric S. Raymond , American open source software advocate
December 6
December 9 – Donny Osmond , American pop singer
December 10 – Michael Clarke Duncan , African-American actor (d. 2012 )
December 12 – Sheila E. , American percussionist, singer, author, and actress
December 13 – Steve Buscemi , American actor and comedian
December 14 – Tim Cone , American professional basketball coach in the Philippines
December 15 – Laura Molina , American artist, musician and actress
December 19 – Kevin McHale , American basketball player
December 20 – Joyce Hyser , American actress
December 21
December 23 – Steve Silberman , American writer and editor (d. 2024 )[ 23]
December 27 – Greg Mortenson , American humanitarian and author
December 29 – Bruce Beutler , American immunologist and geneticist
December 30 – Matt Lauer , American newscaster
Deaths
January 14 – Humphrey Bogart , film actor (born 1899 )
January 16 – Arturo Toscanini , Italian-born orchestral conductor (born 1867 )
January 26
February 2
February 5 – Ben Hardaway , film director (born 1895 )
February 10 – Laura Ingalls Wilder , author (born 1867 )[ 24]
February 16 – William M. Acton , lawyer and politician (born 1876 )
February 25
March 11 – Richard E. Byrd , explorer (born 1888 )[ 25]
March 12 – Josephine Hull , actress (born 1877 )
March 29 – Laura Bowman , actress and singer (born 1881 )
March 31 – Gene Lockhart , Canadian-American actor (born 1891 )
April 3 – Ned Sparks , Canadian-born actor (born 1883 )
April 8 – Dorothy Sebastian , actress (born 1903 )
May 1 – Grant Mitchell , actor (born 1874 )
May 2 – Joseph McCarthy , U.S. Senator from 1947 to 1957 (born 1908 )
May 10 – Annie Turnbo Malone , African American millionaire businesswoman, inventor and philanthropist (born 1869 )
May 13 – Robert Alfred Theobald , admiral (born 1884 )
May 16 – Eliot Ness , Prohibition agent (born 1903 )
May 29 – James Whale , English director and actor (born 1889 )
June 1 – Russell Hicks , actor (born 1895 )
June 4 – Mary Hay , actress and dancer (born 1901 )
June 12 – Jimmy Dorsey , big band leader (born 1904 )
June 13 – Bruno Albert Forsterer , Marine Sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1869 )[ 26]
June 15 – Norina Matchabelli , actress (born 1880 )
July 3 – Judy Tyler , actress (b. 1932 )
July 8 – Grace Coolidge , First Lady of the United States , Second Lady of the United States (born 1879 )
July 10 – Julia Boynton Green , poet (born 1861 )
July 15 – George Cleveland , Canadian-American actor (born 1885 )
July 24 – Frank Fenton , actor (born 1906 )
August 7 – Oliver Hardy , comic film actor (born 1892 )
September 2 – Bobby Myers , race car driver (killed in racetrack accident) (born 1927 )
September 21
October 13 – Erich Auerbach , German philologist, literary critic and comparative scholar (born 1892 )
October 25 – Albert Anastasia , Italian American gangster (born 1902 )
October 29 – Louis B. Mayer , Belarusian-born film studio head (born 1885 )
November 1 – Charlie Caldwell , sports player and coach (born 1901 )[ 27]
November 17 – Cora Witherspoon , actress (born 1890 )
November 29 – Erich Korngold , Austrian-born composer (born 1897)
December 2 – Harrison Ford , silent film actor (b. 1884 )[ 28]
December 10 – Maurice McLoughlin , tennis player (born 1890 )
December 24 – Norma Talmadge , silent film actress (born 1894 )
December 28 – Hilda Vaughn , actress (born 1898 )[ 29]
See also
References
^ "Philadelphia Police identify the "Boy in the Box" after 65 years" . 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ Rehlaender, Jamie L. (2015-04-28). "A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957 Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation" . Young Historians Conference . Portland State University. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ King, Lydia Hailman (2007-10-03). " 'Howl' obscenity prosecution still echoes 50 years later" . Nashville: First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Derby countdown | Iron Liege, 1957" .
^ United States Weather Bureau ; F. W. Reichelderfer (U.S. Weather Bureau); Sinclair Weeks (Secretary of the United States Department of Commerce ) (1958). "Climatological Data National Summary December 1957" (PDF) . Climatological Data . 8 (12). United States Department of Commerce : 527. Retrieved 13 September 2023 .
^ "UPI Almanac for Monday, Jan, 7, 2019" . United Press International . January 7, 2019. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019 . television personality Katie Couric in 1957 (age 62)
^ "Ralph DeLoach, Popular All-Pac-8 Defensive Star for Cal, Dies at Age 65" . Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ Smith, Jessie Carney (17 December 2010). Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture [4 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 650. ISBN 978-0-313-35797-8 .
^ McGuire, Holly, ed. (24 September 2019). Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-64143-316-7 .
^ "Keena Rothhammer" . IOC . Retrieved February 25, 2021 .
^ Roberts, Sam (2018-05-14). "Adam Parfrey, Publisher of the Provocative, Dies at 61" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-05-23 .
^ "Suzzanne Douglas" . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: the ultimate go -to guide for special days, weeks and months . Bernan Press. 2018. p. 315. ISBN 9781641432641 .
^ Fox, Kirk (23 November 2021). "Doug Jones (1957–2021), former All-Star relief pitcher" . Legacy.com . Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ Chawkins, Steve (January 10, 2015). "Taylor Negron dead; comedian and playwright was 57" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11, 2015 .
^ Roberts, Sam (15 November 2016). "Holly Dunn, Country Singer-Songwriter, Dies at 59" . The New York Times . p. B16.
^ "Marcus Lamb, anti-vaccine Christian broadcaster, dies after COVID-19 infection" . knopnews2.com . 1 December 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ Newman, Vicki (7 December 2021). "Music critic and Black Rock Coalition co-founder Greg Tate dies at 64" . mirror . Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ Who Is Gary Gensler? SEC Chair Leading America’s Anti-Crypto Charge Once Offered to Work as Adviser to Binance
^ "Nancy Cartwright, Randy Jackson & More: This Week's Famous Post50 Birthdays" . October 25, 2011.
^ "Lauren Berlant, preeminent literary scholar and cultural theorist, 1957–2021 | University of Chicago News" . news.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ Rauf, Don (December 15, 2015). Modern-Day Serial Killers . Enslow Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9780766072992 – via Google Books.
^ Steve Silberman Has Died. His Work on the Grateful Dead and David Crosby Is Eternal
^ "LAURA I. WILDER, AUTHOR, DIES AT 90; Writer of the 'Little House' Series for Children Was an Ex-Newspaper Editor Wrote First Book at 65" . 12 February 1957. Retrieved 9 April 2023 – via NYTimes.com.
^ "Admiral Byrd Dies at 68. Made 5 Polar Expeditions. Admiral Flew Over Both Poles and Helped Establish Antarctic as a Continent" . The New York Times . October 9, 1988. Retrieved May 23, 2008 .
^ "Bruno Albert Forsterer | Samoa Campaign | U.S. Marine Corps | Medal of Honor Recipient" . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved 9 April 2023 .
^ 1957 in the United States at the College Football Hall of Fame
^ Golden, Eve (2001). Golden Images: 41 Essays On Silent Film Stars . McFarland . p. 36. ISBN 0-7864-0834-0 .
^ VAUGHN, HILDA
External links