Sejarah perbudakan

Perbudakan
Perbudakan kontemporer Pekerja anak Konskripsi Ijon Kawin paksa Beli pasangan pengantin Penjualan istri Prostitusi Perdagangan manusia Pekerja sewa Buruh hukuman Perbudakan seks
Sejarah perbudakan Perbudakan antiquity Perbudakan di Romawi kuno Hukum Babylonia Perbudakan di Yunani kuno Topik dan praktik Perbudakan Atlantik Middle Passage Perbudakan Arab Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Perbudakan Aztec Blackbirding Perbudakan kerajaan Byzantine Coolie Kerja rodi Pekerja lapangan di Amerika Serikat Pembantu Kholop Perbudakan di Eropa abad pertengahan Panyarring Thrall Perbudakan Sejarah perbudakan Reformasi emansipasi 1861 perampasan budak Angkatan laut Budak Galley Impressment perompak Barbar Shanghaiing Budak kapal
negara atau wilayah Perbudakan di Afrika Perbudakan di Afrika kontemporer Perbudakan di Pantai Barbary Perbudakan Barbar Budak pantai Perbudakan di Angola Perbudakan di Chad Perbudakan di Ethiopia Perbudakan di Mali Perbudakan di Mauritania Perbudakan di Nigeria Perbudakan di Somalia Perbudakan di Afrika Selatan Perbudakan di Sudan Perbudakan di Seychelles Perbudakan di Amerika Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Perbudakan di Brazil Lei Áurea Perbudakan di Canada Perbudakan di Caribbean Kode Barbados Kode Noir Perbudakan di Cuba Perbudakan di Haiti Revolusi Haiti Restavek Perbudakan di Amerika Latin Perbudakan di Puerto Rico Sejarah Trinidad dan Tobago Perbudakan di Amerika Serikat Perbudakan di koloni Amerika Serikat maps Perbudakan wanita di Amerika Serikat partus penal labor Kode perbudakan interregional Human Trafficking Perbudakan di Pulau Virginia Sejarah perbudakan di Asia Perbudakan di Bhutan Perbudakan di Tiongkok Booi Aha Laogai Perbudakan di India Ijon di India Chukri System Perbudakan di Jepang comfort women Perbudakan di Korea Selatan Prostitusi di Korea Selatan Korea Utara Perbudakan di Vietnam Perbudakan di Yaman Perbudakan di Australia dan Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Perdagangan manusia di Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Perdagangan manusia di Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Eropa Perdagangan di Eropa Perbudakan di British Isles Perbudakan di Denmark Perbudakan di Republik Jerman Germany in World War II Perbudakan di Poland Perbudakan di Portugal Perbudakan di Romania Perbudakan di Russia Perbudakan di spanyol colonies Perbudakan di Swedia Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara Perbudakan di Iran Perbudakan di Libya Perdagangan manusia di Timur Tengah Perbudakan kerajaan Ottoman
Perbudakan dan Agama Alkitab dan Perbudakan Pandangan Kristen terhadap perbudakan Gereja Katolik dan perbudakan Islam Perbudakan di abad 21 Pandangan Yahudi terhadap perbudakan
Oposisi dan resistans Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-perbudakan Internasional Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Pembebasan Budak Slave Trade Acts Perbudakan dalam Hukum Internasional Amendemen ke-13 Konstitusi Amerika Serikat
Hubungan Common law Indentured servant Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons Daftar para budak Daftar pemilik budak Slave narrative films songs Nama budak Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases George Washington dan perbudakan Thomas Jefferson dan perbudakan Adams Abraham Lincoln dan perbudakan 40 acres Freedmen's Bureau bit Wage slavery Hari Emansipasi
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Sejarah perbudakan meliputi beberapa budaya, kebangsaan, dan agama dari zaman kuno sampai masa sekarang. Namun, posisi sosial, ekonomi, dan hukum para budak beragam dalam sistem perbudakan yang berbeda di waktu dan tempat yang berbeda.^[1]

Perbudakan bermula dari catatan-catatan kuno, seperti Mesopotamia Kode Hammurabi (s. 1860 SM), yang merujuknya sebagai sebuah lembaga yang berdiri, dan merupakan hal umum pada bangsa-bangsa kuno seperti Sumeria, Mesir Kuno, Akkadia, Elamit, Asiria, Babilonia, Hattia, Hittit, Amorit, Yunani Kuno, Kanaan, Eblait, Hurria, Mitanni, Israel, Persia, Medes, Kassit, Luwia, Moabit, Edomit, Ammonit, Armenia, Khaldea, Filistin, Skitia, Nubia, Kushit, dan lain-lain.^[2]

Perbudakan merupakan hal jarang pada penduduk pemburu-peramu, karena hal tersebut berkembang sebagai sistem stratifikasi sosial. perbudakan dikenal dalam peradaban-perabadan paling tua seperti Sumeria di Mesopotamia dari 3500 SM, serta hampir setiap peradaban lainnya. Peperangan Bizantium-Utsmaniyah dan peperangan Utsmaniyah di Eropa mengakibatkan pengambilan sejumlah besar budak Kristen. Perbudakan menjadi hal umum di sebagian besar Eropa dan kepulauan Britania pada Zaman Kegelapan dan berlanjut sampai Abad Pertengahan. Belanda, Prancis, Spanyol, Portugis, Inggris, Arab, dan sejumlah kerajaan Afrika Barat memainkan peran penting dalam perdagangan budak Atlantik, khususnya setelah 1600. David P. Forsythe^[3] menyatakannya: "Kenyataannya menyatakan bahwa pada permulaan abad kesembilan belas, tiga per empat dari seluruh orang yang hidup terjebak dalam perjuangan melawan keterikatan mereka dalam beberapa perbudakan."^[4] Denmark-Norwegia adalah negara Eropa pertama yang melarang perdagangan budak pada 1802.

Meskipun perbudakan tak selamanya dianggap sah di bagian mana pun di dunia,^[5] perdagangan manusia masih menjadi masalah internasional dan sekitar 25–40 juta orang hidup dalam perbudakan ilegal pada masa sekarang.^[6] Pada Perang Saudara Sudan Kedua 1983–2005, orang-orang dimasukkan dalam perbudakan.^[7] Meskipun Perbudakan di Mauritania dikriminalisasi pada Agustus 2007,^[8] sekitar 600.000 pria, wanita, dan anak-anak, atau 20% dari populasi, sekarang diperbudak, beberapa di antaranya dijadikan sebagai buruh utang.^[9] Terdapat bukti perbudakan sistematis pada akhir 1990-an dalam penanaman kakao di Afrika Barat.

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• Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1966)
• Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (2006)
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• Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795 pp; ISBN 978-0-313-33142-8
• Linden, Marcel van der, ed. Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the Abolition of the Slave Trade (Brill Academic Publishers, 2011) online review
• McGrath, Elizabeth and Massing, Jean Michel, The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem (London: The Warburg Institute, 2012.)
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• Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol. 1997)
• Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion (2 vol. 2007)

• Bradley, Keith. Slavery and Society at Rome (1994)
• Cuffel, Victoria. "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery," Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep. 1966), pp. 323–42 JSTOR 2708589
• Finley, Moses, ed. Slavery in Classical Antiquity (1960)
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• Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
• Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
• Toledano, Ehud R. As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East (Yale University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-300-12618-1
• Davis, Robert C., Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003) ISBN 0-333-71966-2

• Blackburn, Robin. The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation, and Human Rights (Verso; 2011) 498 pp; on slavery and abolition in the Americas from the 16th to the late 19th centuries.
• Fradera, Josep M. and Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, eds. Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire (2013) online
• Klein, Herbert S. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean (Oxford University Press, 1988)
• Klein, Herbert. The Atlantic Slave Trade (1970)
• Klein, Herbert S. Slavery in Brazil (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
• Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
• Stinchcombe, Arthur L. Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World (Princeton University Press, 1995)
• Walvin, James. Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire (2nd ed. 2001)
• Ward, J. R. British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834 (Oxford U.P. 1988)
• Zeuske, Michael. "Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective." International Review of Social History 57#1 (2012): 87–111.

• Fogel, Robert (1989). Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. 
• Genovese, Eugene (1974). Roll Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. 
• Horne, Gerald (2014). The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America. 
• Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery (1988)
• Phillips, Ulrich B (1918). American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the plantation Regime. 
• Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia vol. 2. 
• Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.

Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini:

Declaration of the Powers [at the Congress of Vienna], on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, of 8 February 1815

Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini:

Additional article on the slave trade to the Definitive [Peace] Treaty. Paris: 20 November 1815

• Mémoire St Barth: Saint-Barthelemy's history (slave trade, slavery, abolitions)
• UN.GIFT Diarsipkan 2012-12-01 di Wayback Machine.–Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
• Parliament & The British Slave Trade 1600–1807
• Digital History–Slavery Facts & Myths
• Muslim Slave System in Medieval India
• Arab Slave Trade
• Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade–schools resource Diarsipkan 2012-01-03 di Wayback Machine.
• The Forgotten Holocaust: The Eastern Slave Trade
• Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com
• "What really ended slavery?" Robin Blackburn, author of a two-volume history of the slave trade, interviewed by International Socialism
• David Brion Davis, "American and British Slave Trade Abolition in Perspective", Southern Spaces, 4 February 2009.
• The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today–video report by Democracy Now!
• Slavery Museum. Great Britain. Diarsipkan 2012-03-16 di Wayback Machine.
• Slavery and politics of marriage in Berbice 1819–1834–video by Manioc.
• They speak of the darkness in which we have kept Africa: The Public Discussions about the Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna 1814/1815–video by Manioc.