Pertempuran Jembatan Milvius

Pertempuran Jembatan Milvian terjadi antara Kaisar Romawi Konstantinus I dan Maxentius pada 28 Oktober 312. Pertempuran tersebut mengambil namanya dari Jembatan Milvian, sebuah rute penting sepanjang Tiber. Konstantinus memenangkan pertempuran tersebut dan memimpinnya menuju akhir Tetrarki dan menjadi penguasa tunggal Kekaisaran Romawi. Maxentius tenggelam di Tiber pada pertempuran tersebut dan jenazahnya diangkat dari sungai tersebut dan dipenggal.[2]

Catatan

  1. ^ a b "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-04-11. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-31. 
  2. ^ "Maxentius' Head and the Rituals of Civil War". Diakses tanggal 2016-08-14. 

Referensi

  • Berrens, Stephan (2004), Sonnenkult und Kaisertum von den Severern bis zu Constantin I. (193–337 n. Chr.), Geschichte (Franz Steiner Verlag); Historia (Wiesbaden, Germany) (dalam bahasa German), F. Steiner, ISBN 978-3-515-08575-5 
  • Gerberding R. and J.H. Moran Cruz. Medieval Worlds. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. ISBN 0-395-56087-X
  • Lactantius. On the manner in which the persecutors died. Translated at Intratext CT.
  • Lieu, Samuel N.C., and Dominic Montserrat, eds. From Constantine to Julian. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-09336-8
  • Nixon, C.E.V. and Barbara Saylor Rodgers. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. ISBN 0-520-08326-1
  • Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-17485-6
  • Pohlsander, H. A. (1996), The Emperor Constantine, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-13178-2
  • Smith, John Holland. Constantine the Great. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971. ISBN 0-684-12391-6
  • Speidel, Michael. Ancient Germanic warriors: warrior styles from Trajan's column to Icelandic sagas, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-31199-3
  • Stephenson, Paul. Constantine Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor. London: Quercus, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84916-002-5
  • Zosimus. Historia Nova. Translated by R.T. Ridley. Canberra: Byzantina Australiensia, 1982.

The most important ancient sources for the battle are Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum 44; Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History ix, 9 and Life of Constantine i, 28-31 (the vision) and i, 38 (the actual battle); Zosimus ii, 15-16; and the Panegyrici Latini of 313 (anonymous) and 321 (by Nazarius).

Pranala luar

41°56′08″N 12°28′01″E / 41.93556°N 12.46694°E / 41.93556; 12.46694

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