Orang-orang Jat
Orang-orang Jat (pengucapan Punjabi: [d͡ʒəʈːᵊ] pengucapan bahasa Hindi: [d͡ʒaːʈ] pertanian tradisional di India Utara dan Pakistan .[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ a] [ b] [ c] penggembala di lembah sungai Indus yang lebih rendah di Sindh , Jats bermigrasi ke utara ke wilayah Punjab pada abad pertengahan akhir , dan kemudian ke Wilayah Delhi , Rajputana timur laut, dan Dataran Gangga barat pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Dari agama Muslim , Sikh , dan Hindu , mereka sekarang kebanyakan ditemukan di provinsi Sindh dan Punjab di Pakistan dan negara bagian Punjab , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh , dan Rajasthan di India.
Catatan kaki
^ Glosarium: Jat : judul kasta 'petani' non-elit utama di India utara."[ 4] ^ "... di pertengahan dekade abad (sembilan belas), ada dua kecenderungan yang kontras di wilayah agraris India. Sebelumnya daerah marjinal menjadi zona pertanian 'petani' yang baru menguntungkan, merugikan kelompok petani non-elit, yang dikenal dengan judul seperti Jat di barat NWP dan Gounder di Coimatore."[ 5]
^ "Pada akhir abad ke-19, pemikiran ini membuat para pejabat kolonial mencoba melindungi Sikh Jats dan 'petani' non-elit lainnya yang sekarang mereka sukai sebagai rekrutan militer dengan mengadvokasi undang-undang di bawah apa yang disebut pengasingan tanah."[ 6]
Referensi
^ Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). "Jat". Dalam Ember, Carol R. ; Ember, Melvin . Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures . 2 . Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers . hlm. 777. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6 . Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia. ^ Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press . hlm. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0 . Jat: Sikhs' largest zat , a hereditary land-owning community ^ Gould, Harold A. (2006). "Glossary". Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946 . SAGE Publications . hlm. 439. ISBN 978-0-7619-3480-6 . Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6 . Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011 . ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6 . Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011 . ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6 . Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011 .
Bacaan lebih lanjut
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Pranala luar
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Jat people .
