Khan (gelar)

(Khan'/Chan'/Han'). (bahasa Mongol: хан/ᠬᠠᠨ; bahasa Turki: han atau hakan; Azerbaijani: xan; Ottoman: han; Turkic Lama: Templat:OldTurkicUnicode, kaɣan; Tionghoa: 可汗, kèhán; Goguryeo: 皆, key; Silla: 干, kan; Baekje: 瑕, ke; Manchu: ᡥᠠᠨ; Pashto: خان; bahasa Urdu: خان; Balochi: خان; Arab: خان; Hindi: ख़ान; Nepali: खाँ; Bengali: খান; Bulgaria: хан[a]; Chuvash: хун, hun) aslinya adalah sebuah gelar bagi penguasa berdaulat atau militer, yang banyak dipakai oleh bangsa Mongolia yang tinggal di utara Tiongkok dan kemudian suku-suku turkic nomadik abad pertengahan. "Khan" juga dijadikan gelar dalam konfederasi Xianbei[1] for their chief between 283 and 289.[2] Suku Rouran adalah suku pertama yang memakaikan gelar khagan dan khan kepada para kaisar mereka.[3] Kemudian, suku Ashina mengadopsi gelar tersebut menyebarkannya ke belahan Asia. Pada pertengahan abad keenam, suku bangsa Iran mengenal "Kagan – Raja Bangsa Turk".[1]

Khan sekarang memiliki beberapa pengartian setara seperti "komandan", "pemimpin", "penguasa", "raja" dan "kepala". Pada 2015, sebutan-sebutan khan terdapat di Asia Selatan, Timur Tengah, Asia Tengah, Eropa Timur dan Turki. Sebutan alternatif perempuannya adalah Khatun, Khatoon dan Khanum. Gelar atau nama tersebut terkadang dieja menjadi Han, Kan, Hakan, Hanum, atau Hatun (di Turki) dan "xan", "xanım" (di Azerbaijan). Berbagai suku bangsa Mongolik dan Turkic dari Asia Tengah memakai gelar tersebut setelah masa Kekaisaran Mongol (1206–1368) di Dunia Lama dan kemudian membawa gelar "khan" ke Asia Utara, dimana para penduduk lokal mengadaptasikannya. Khagan disebut sebagai Khan dari segala Khan. Ini adalah gelar dari Kaisar Taizong dari Tang (Khagan Surgawi, memerintah dari tahun 626 sampai tahun 649), dan juga gelar Genghis Khan dan orang-orang yang terpilih untuk memerintah Kekaisaran Mongol. Selain itu, Möngke Khan (memerintah 1251-1259) dan Ogedei Khan (memerintah 1229-1241) disebut "Khagans" namun tidak dengan Chagatai Khan, yang bukanlah penguasa Kekaisaran Mongol yang diproklamasikan oleh kurultai.[4]

(Putera'), dalam bahasa Inggeris Makna (Prince) digunakan untuk Lelaki Bangsawan Diraja Mongol di Malaysia menggunakan gelaran Putera di awal nama mereka misalnya (Putera Amir Khan Bin Putera Aryan Khan). dan menggunakan Nama Keluarga (Khan) di belakang namanya.

(Puteri'), dalam bahasa Inggeris Makna (Princess) digunakan untuk Wanita Bangsawan Diraja Mongol di Malaysia menggunakan gelaran Puteri di awal nama mereka misalnya (Puteri Amira Khan Binti Putera Aryan Khan). dan menggunakan Nama Keluarga (Khan) di belakang namanya.

Catatan

Referensi

Kutipan

  1. ^ a b Henning, W. B., 'A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqataran',"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African studies – University of London", Vol 14, No 3, pp. 501–522
  2. ^ Zhou 1985, pp. 3–6
  3. ^ René Grousset (1988). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia now. Rutgers University Press. hlm. 61, 585, n. 92. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9. 
  4. ^ Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press, 1978. p. 367

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