Investasi orang tua

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Investasi orang tua, dalam biologi evolusioner dan psikologi evolusioner adalah setiap pengeluaran orang tua (misalnya waktu, energi, sumber daya) yang bermanfaat bagi keturunannya.[1][2] Investasi orang tua dapat dilakukan oleh laki-laki dan perempuan (pengasuhan biparental), perempuan sendiri (pengasuhan ibu eksklusif) atau laki-laki sendiri (pengasuhan ayah eksklusif). Perawatan dapat diberikan pada setiap tahap kehidupan anak, dari pra-kelahiran (misalnya menjaga telur dan inkubasi pada burung, dan nutrisi plasenta pada mamalia) hingga pasca-kelahiran (misalnya penyediaan makanan dan perlindungan kepada anak).

Teori investasi orang tua pertama kali dicetuskan oleh Robert Trivers pada tahun 1972, teori ini memprediksi bahwa jenis kelamin yang berinvestasi lebih banyak pada keturunannya akan lebih selektif dalam memilih pasangan, dan jenis kelamin yang kurang berinvestasi akan memiliki persaingan intraseksual untuk mendapatkan pasangan. Teori ini telah berpengaruh dalam menjelaskan perbedaan jenis kelamin dalam seleksi seksual dan preferensi pasangan, di seluruh kerajaan hewan termasuk pada manusia.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1991. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U. Press. pg. 9
  2. ^ a b Trivers, R.L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp. 136–179). Chicago, IL: Aldine. ISBN 0-435-62157-2.

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Clutton-Brock, T.H. and C. Godfray. 1991. "Parental investment," in Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Edited by J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies, pp. 234–262. Boston: Blackwell.
  • Buss, David M. (March 1989). "Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 12 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00023992alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  • Belsky J, Steinberg L, Draper P (August 1991). "Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: and evolutionary theory of socialization". Child Development. 62 (4): 647–70. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01558.x. PMID 1935336. 
  • Woodward, Kevin; Richards, Miriam H. (2005). "The parental investment model and minimum mate choice criteria in humans". Behavioral Ecology. 16 (1): 57–61. doi:10.1093/beheco/arh121alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  • Geary, D. C. (2005). Evolution of paternal investment. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 483–505). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Full text Diarsipkan 2019-12-20 di Wayback Machine.


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