Daftar bintang paling masif
Berikut ini adalah daftar bintang paling masif yang pernah ditemukan, dalam satuan Massa Matahari (M☉).
Ketidakpastian
Kebanyakan massa yang didaftarkan dibawah masih diperdebatkan, dan, karena masih menjadi subjek penelitian masa kini, masih dalam peninjauan dan sering direvisi massa maupun karakteristiknya yang lain.
Daftar
Catatan
- ^ Mass is estimated from hydrogen abundance and luminosity, making it very uncertain.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o This is a binary system but the secondary is much less massive than the primary.
- ^ This unusual measurement was made by assuming the star was ejected from a three-body encounter in NGC 3603. This assumption also means that the current star is the result of a merger between two original close binary components. The mass is consistent with evolutionary mass for a star with the observed parameters.
- ^ a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
- ^ N64 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 1830 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 2527 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
- ^ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ N70 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ DEM L294 is a H II region in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ a b GKK-A144 is a stellar association in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 2242 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; et al. (May 2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comprehensive analysis of the WN class". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474 . Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Doran, E.I.; Crowther, P.A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C.J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (October 2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: A134. arXiv:1308.3412 . Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J. (2020-12-01). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918–1936. arXiv:2009.05136 . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022-07-26). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv:2207.13078 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424 .
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Bestenlehner, J.M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; Najarro, F.; de Koter, A.; Sana, H.; et al. (October 2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A38. arXiv:1407.1837 . Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e Bik, A.; Henning, Th.; Wu, S.-W.; Zhang, M.; Brandner, W.; Pasquali, A.; Stolte, A. (April 2019). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of the massive stellar population of W51: evidence for multi-seeded star formation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A63. arXiv:1902.05460 . Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..63B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935061. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Bagnulo, S.; Wade, G.A.; Nazé, Y.; Grunhut, J.H.; Shultz, M.E.; Asher, D.J.; et al. (March 2020). "A search for strong magnetic fields in massive and very massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 635: A163. arXiv:2002.12061 . Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.163B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937098. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c De Becker, M.; Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Eenens, P. (September 2006). "Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC 1805: II. The probably single stars HD 15570 and HD 15629, and the massive binary/triple system HD 15558". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (3): 1121–1130. arXiv:astro-ph/0606379 . Bibcode:2006A&A...456.1121D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065300. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ducati, J.R. (2002). VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. CDS/ADC. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
- ^ a b Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A.M.T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (1 April 2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 484 (2): 2692–2710. arXiv:1901.04769 . Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c d Schneider, F.R.N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C.J.; Bestenlehner, J.M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; et al. (5 January 2018). "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 359 (6371): 69–71. arXiv:1801.03107 . Bibcode:2018Sci...359...69S. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29302009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; et al. (May 2002). "A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (5): 2754–2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831 . ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Bonanos, A.Z.; Massa, D.L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D.J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L.J.; et al. (1 October 2009). "Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (4): 1003–1021. arXiv:0905.1328 . Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1003B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; Parker, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Kassim, Hasan Abu (21 October 2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284 . Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c d e f Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. (1 March 2008). "The massive star content of NGC 3603". The Astronomical Journal. 135 (3): 878–891. arXiv:0712.2621 . Bibcode:2008AJ....135..878M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Evans, C.J.; Walborn, N.R.; Crowther, P.A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Massa, D.; Taylor, W.D.; et al. (1 June 2010). "A massive runaway star from 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): L74–L79. arXiv:1004.5402 . Bibcode:2010ApJ...715L..74E. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L74. ISSN 2041-8205.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.T.; Girard, T.M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J.L.; Monet, D.G.; Zacharias, M.I. (July 2012). "VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: I/322A. Originally Published in: 2012yCat.1322....0Z; 2013AJ....145...44Z. 1322. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brands, S.; de Koter, A.; Bestenlehner, J.; Crowther, P.; Sundqvist, J.; Puls, J.; et al. (7 April 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 663: A36. arXiv:2202.11080 . Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..36B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142742. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Roman-Lopes, A.; Franco, G.A.P.; Sanmartim, D. (26 May 2016). "SOAR Optical and Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Discovered Massive Stars in the Periphery of Galactic Massive Star Clusters I-NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (2): 96. arXiv:1604.01096 . Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...96R. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/96 . ISSN 1538-4357.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Massey, Philip; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen; Waterhouse, Elizabeth (February 2001). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. II. Results from 12 galactic clusters and OB associations". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (2): 1050–1070. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654 . Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. doi:10.1086/318769. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Vázquez, R.A.; Baume, G. (June 2001). "The open cluster Havlen-Moffat no. 1 revisited". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 371 (3): 908–920. Bibcode:2001A&A...371..908V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010410 . ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen (May 2000). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB associations in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2214–2241. arXiv:astro-ph/0002233 . Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2214M. doi:10.1086/301345. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V.V.; Mason, B.D.; Wycoff, G.L.; Urban, S.E. (March 2002). "The Tycho double star catalogue". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 384 (1): 180–189. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..180F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822 . ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. (October 2004). "The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (4): 1606–1614. arXiv:astro-ph/0407006 . Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1606Z. doi:10.1086/423910. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Drew, J.E.; Herrero, A.; Mohr-Smith, M.; Monguió, M.; Wright, N.J.; Kupfer, T.; Napiwotzki, R. (21 October 2018). "Massive stars in the hinterland of the young cluster, Westerlund 2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 480 (2): 2109–2124. arXiv:1807.06486 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2109D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1905. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Vargas Álvarez, Carlos A.; Kobulnicky, Henry A.; Bradley, David R.; Kannappan, Sheila J.; Norris, Mark A.; Cool, Richard J.; Miller, Brendan P. (25 March 2013). "The distance to the massive galactic cluster Westerlund 2 from a spectroscopic and HST photometric study". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (5): 125. arXiv:1302.0863 . Bibcode:2013AJ....145..125V. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/125. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d Hamann, W.-R.; Gräfener, G.; Liermann, A.; Hainich, R.; Sander, A.a.C.; Shenar, T.; et al. (1 May 2019). "The galactic WN stars revisited - impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 625: A57. arXiv:1904.04687 . Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Samus, N.N.; Kazarovets, E.V.; Durlevich, O.V.; Kireeva, N.N.; Pastukhova, E.N. (January 2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2017ARep...61...80S; 2017AZh....94...87S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; de Koter, A.; Langer, N. (November 2011). "The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars: Evidence for a Γ-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A56. arXiv:1106.5361 . Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..56G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116701. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; et al. (10 December 2002). "Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 581 (1): 258–275. arXiv:astro-ph/0208145 . Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..258F. doi:10.1086/344154. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (May 2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A145. arXiv:1202.3991 . Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits (February 2017). "Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598: A108. arXiv:1611.02452 . Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.108L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629395. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Nelan, Edmund P.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Wallace, Debra J.; Moffat, Anthony F.J.; Makidon, Russell B.; Gies, Douglas R.; Panagia, Nino (July 2004). "Resolving OB systems in the Carina nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (1): 323–329. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..323N. doi:10.1086/420716 . ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d Wu, Shi-Wei; Bik, Arjan; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Henning, Thomas; Pasquali, Anna; Brandner, Wolfgang; Stolte, Andrea (May 2016). "The massive stellar population of W49: A spectroscopic survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A16. arXiv:1602.05190 . Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..16W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527823. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; et al. (2003). VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003) (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246. CDS/ADC. hlm. II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
- ^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N.E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. (11 January 2016). "The mass of the very massive binary WR21a". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 455 (2): 1275–1281. arXiv:1510.03609 . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1275T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2373. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W.-R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. (21 December 2013). "One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 436 (4): 3357–3365. arXiv:1309.7651 . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436.3357O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1817. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Clementel, N.; Madura, T.I.; Kruip, C.J.H.; Paardekooper, J.-P.; Gull, T.R. (1 March 2015). "3D radiative transfer simulations of Eta Carinae's inner colliding winds - I. Ionization structure of helium at apastron". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (3): 2445–2458. arXiv:1412.7569 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2445C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2614. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Pittard, Julian M.; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M.P.; et al. (September 2018). "Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae". Nature Astronomy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 (9): 731–736. arXiv:1904.09219 . Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..731H. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. ISSN 2397-3366.
- ^ a b c d e f de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M.M.; Trombley, C.; et al. (May 2016). "Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: The ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A69. arXiv:1602.02503 . Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..69D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Rivero González, J.G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. (January 2012). "Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars: II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 537: A79. arXiv:1110.5148 . Bibcode:2012A&A...537A..79R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117790. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S.M.; Bostroem, K.A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Schneider, F.R.N.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (1 May 2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope / STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He{{supii}} λ1640 in young star clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 458 (1): 624–659. arXiv:1603.04994 . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b Sana, H.; van Boeckel, T.; Tramper, F.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; et al. (15 March 2013). "R144 revealed as a double-lined spectroscopic binary". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters (dalam bahasa Inggris). 432 (1): L26–L30. arXiv:1304.4591 . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..26S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt029. ISSN 1745-3933.
- ^ a b c d Reed, B. Cameron (May 2003). "Catalog of Galactic OB Stars". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 125 (5): 2531–2533. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.2531R. doi:10.1086/374771 . ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d e Schild, H.; Testor, G. (March 1992). "Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 92: 729–748. Bibcode:1992A&AS...92..729S. ISSN 0365-0138.
- ^ a b c d Bonanos, A.Z.; Lennon, D.J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J.Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; et al. (1 August 2010). "Spitzer SAGE-SMC infrared photometry of massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (2): 416–429. arXiv:1004.0949 . Bibcode:2010AJ....140..416B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416. hdl:1887/61635. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c Smith, Nathan; Tombleson, Ryan (11 February 2015). "Luminous blue variables are antisocial: their isolation implies that they are kicked mass gainers in binary evolution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (1): 598–617. arXiv:1406.7431 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..598S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2430. ISSN 1365-2966.
- ^ Evans, C.J.; Lennon, D.J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. (September 2006). "The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (2): 623–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0606405 . Bibcode:2006A&A...456..623E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064988. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e Massa, D.; Fullerton, A. W.; Prinja, R. K. (September 2017). "Mass-loss rates from mid-infrared excesses in LMC and SMC O stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 470 (3): 3765–3774. arXiv:1706.02627 . Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.3765M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1443. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M.K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; et al. (1 June 2013). "Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Acta Astronomica. 63 (2): 159–179. arXiv:1306.4802 . Bibcode:2013AcA....63..159U. ISSN 0001-5237.
- ^ Weidner, C.; Vink, J.S. (December 2010). "The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 524: A98. arXiv:1010.2204 . Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Broos, Patrick S.; Pollock, Andrew M T.; Townsley, Leisa K. (2022). "Melnick 33Na: A very massive colliding-wind binary system in 30 Doradus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 510 (4): 6133–6149. arXiv:2112.00022 . Bibcode:2022MNRAS.510.6133B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3521.
- ^ Castro, N.; Crowther, P. A.; Evans, C.J.; Mackey, J.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Vink, J.S.; et al. (2018). "Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE. I. Spectral and nebular content around R136". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614: 12. arXiv:1802.01597 . Bibcode:2018A&A...614A.147C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732084. A147.
- ^ a b Rauw, G.; Crowther, P.A.; de Becker, M.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; et al. (March 2005). "The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 432 (3): 985–998. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136 . ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Fang, M.; van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, Th.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; et al. (March 2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833 . Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R (2015). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581 (21): 30. arXiv:1507.04000 . Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..21H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526241.
- ^ a b Skiff, B. A. (October 2014). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009- )". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/Mk. Originally Published in: Lowell Observatory (October 2014). 1. Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S.
- ^ a b c McEvoy, C.M.; Dufton, P.L.; Evans, C.J.; Kalari, V.M.; Markova, N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; et al. (March 2015). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XIX. B-type supergiants: Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575: A70. arXiv:1412.2705 . Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..70M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425202. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Kastner, Joel H.; Buchanan, Catherine L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. (10 February 2006). "Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. doi:10.1086/500804 . ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ a b c d Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V.V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; et al. (March 2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 355: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Orosz, Jerome A.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Narayan, Ramesh; Bailyn, Charles D.; Hartman, Joel D.; Macri, Lucas; et al. (October 2007). "A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 449 (7164): 872–875. arXiv:0710.3165 . Bibcode:2007Natur.449..872O. doi:10.1038/nature06218. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943124.
- ^ Grimm, H.-J.; McDowell, J.; Zezas, A.; Kim, D.-W.; Fabbiano, G. (December 2005). "The X-Ray Binary Population in M33. I. Source List and Luminosity Function". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 161 (2): 271–303. arXiv:astro-ph/0506353 . Bibcode:2005ApJS..161..271G. doi:10.1086/468185. ISSN 0067-0049.
- ^ Rauw, G.; Sana, H.; Gosset, E.; Vreux, J.-M.; Jehin, E.; Parmentier, G. (August 2000). "A new orbital solution for the massive binary system HD 93403". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 360: 1003–1010. Bibcode:2000A&A...360.1003R. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A.F.J.; et al. (July 2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A22. arXiv:1604.01022 . Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Bouret, J.-C.; Hillier, D.J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A.W. (2012). "Properties of galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A67. arXiv:1205.3075 . Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594.
- ^ a b Comerón, F.; Pasquali, A. (July 2012). "New members of the massive stellar population in Cygnus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: A101. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A.101C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219022 . ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Krtička, J.; Kubát, J.; Krtičková, I. (July 2015). "X-ray irradiation of the winds in binaries with massive components". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 579: A111. arXiv:1505.03411 . Bibcode:2015A&A...579A.111K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525637. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Massey, Philip (July 2002). "A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 141 (1): 81–122. arXiv:astro-ph/0110531 . Bibcode:2002ApJS..141...81M. doi:10.1086/338286. ISSN 0067-0049.
- ^ Liermann, Adriane; Hamann, Wolf-Rainer; Oskinova, Lidia M.; Todt, Helge (January 2011). "High-mass stars in the Galactic center Quintuplet cluster". Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, Bulletin. 80: 160–164. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..160L. ISSN 0037-9565.
- ^ Clark, J.S.; Lohr, M.E.; Patrick, L.R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D.F. (October 2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 618: A2. arXiv:1805.10139 . Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Testor, G.; Niemela, V. (June 1998). "The OB associations LH 101 and LH 104 in the HII region N158 of the LMC". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 130 (3): 527–538. Bibcode:1998A&AS..130..527T. doi:10.1051/aas:1998241 . ISSN 0365-0138.
- ^ Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D.J. (December 2006). "LBVs in M33: Their environments and ages". Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass loss, explosions, cosmology. ASP Conference Series. 353. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. hlm. 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B. ISSN 1050-3390.
- ^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. (19 August 2016). "A spectroscopic survey of massive stars in M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 62. arXiv:1604.00112 . Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62 . ISSN 1538-3881.
|
|