Agar-agar

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Penggunaan untuk kuliner: Mizu yōkan – jeli kacang merah populer asal Jepang yang dibuat dari agar
piring agar darah
Lempeng agar darah yang digunakan untuk membiakkan bakteri dan mendiagnosis infeksi

Agar-agar atau agar (nama kurang tepat: agarosa, lihat di bawah) adalah zat yang biasanya berupa gel yang diolah dari rumput laut atau alga dan bisa dimakan, dalam bidang medis digunakan sebagai pembiak bakteri di laboratorium. Di Jepang dikenal dengan nama kanten dan oleh orang Sunda disebut lengkong. Jenis rumput laut yang biasa diolah untuk keperluan ini adalah Eucheuma spinosum (Rhodophycophyta). Beberapa jenis rumput laut dari golongan Phaeophycophyta (Gracilaria dan Gelidium) juga dapat dipakai sebagai sumber agar-agar. Agar-agar diekspor dari Melaka sejak 1871.[1]

Struktur dan karakteristik

agarosa (70%)
agaropektin (30%)

Agar-agar diisi dalam dinding sel beberapa jenis gulma laut. Agar-agar sebenarnya adalah campuran dua sakarida (karbohidrat) dengan massa molekul tinggi, yaitu agarosa (ca 70%) dan agaropektin (ca 30%). Agarosa tergolong kelompok pektin dan merupakan suatu polimer yang tersusun dari unit rangkap dua dibuat dari D-galaktosa dan 3,6-anhydro-L-galaktopyranosa yang juga berisi S (belerang) [2].

Gel terbentuk karena pada saat dipanaskan di air, molekul agar-agar dan air bergerak bebas. Ketika didinginkan, molekul-molekul agar-agar mulai saling merapat, memadat dan membentuk kisi-kisi yang mengurung molekul-molekul air, sehingga terbentuk sistem koloid padat-cair. Kisi-kisi ini dimanfaatkan dalam elektroforesis gel agarosa untuk menghambat pergerakan molekul objek akibat perbedaan tegangan antara dua kutub. Kepadatan gel agar-agar juga cukup kuat untuk menyangga tumbuhan kecil sehingga sangat sering dipakai sebagai media dalam kultur jaringan. Agar-agar dapat dibentuk sebagai bubuk dan diperjualbelikan.

Histeresis

Histeresis adalah gejala yang dimiliki oleh agar-agar dan sejumlah bahan gel lainnya, yang berhubungan dengan suhu transisi fase padat-cair. Agar-agar mulai mencair pada suhu 85 °C dan mulai memadat pada suhu 32-40 °C. Jadi tidak seperti air yang memadat dan mencair pada titik suhu yang sama.

Kegunaan

Pawai pernikahan miniatur yang dibuat dari agar-agar

Apabila dilarutkan dalam air panas dan didinginkan, agar-agar bersifat seperti gelatin: padatan lunak dengan banyak pori-pori di dalamnya sehingga bertekstur 'kenyal'. Sifat ini menarik secara indrawi sehingga banyak olahan makanan melibatkan agar-agar: pengental sup, puding, campuran es krim, anmitsu (di Jepang),

Agar-agar dikenal luas di daerah Asia Tropika sebagai makanan sehat karena mengandung serat lunak yang tinggi dan kalori yang rendah. Kandungan serat lunak yang tinggi membantu melancarkan pembuangan sisa-sisa makanan di usus (laksatif).

Selain digunakan sebagai makanan, agar-agar juga digunakan secara luas di laboratorium sebagai pemadat kemikalia dalam percobaan, media tumbuh untuk kultur jaringan tumbuhan dan biakan mikrob, dan juga sebagai fase diam dalam elektroforesis gel. Di laboratorium, agar-agar (biasanya dikemas dalam bentuk bubuk) dikenal sebagai agar atau agarosa saja.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial ..., Volume 2, edited by Edward Balfour, Scottish and Adelphi Presses, 1871
  2. ^ Agar Diarsipkan October 16, 2007, di Wayback Machine. at lsbu.ac.uk Water Structure and Science

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