西元841年,朗納爾即已攻佔今日比利時的托爾豪特一帶[8]。西元845年巴黎圍困(英语:Siege of Paris (845))是維京人侵略西法蘭克王國最大規模的戰役,當時法蘭克人記載,這支龐大的海盜部隊來自北歐,由當地的領主朗納爾統領,包括120艘戰船和五千多名勇士,於3月28日進入塞納河,長驅直入攻打巴黎[9]。這個朗納爾經常被認定為傳奇般的英雄人物朗納爾·洛德布羅克,但其準確性仍然在歷史學家中有爭議[10][11]。同年,朗納爾的軍隊也襲擊了塞納河流域的盧昂[12],不過朗納爾沒有摧毀聖但尼聖殿主教座堂[12]。西法蘭克國王禿頭查理將他的軍隊一分為二,佈署在河的兩岸[10]。朗納爾擊敗其中一支軍隊,並俘虜了111名法蘭克士兵,將他們吊死在塞納河上的一個小島上[10],這是為了獻祭給北歐神祇奧丁[9],並造成法蘭克軍隊的心理恐懼[10]。
^Sawyer. The Oxford Illustrated History of Vikings. pp. 2–3
^Holman, Katherine. The northern conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Signal Books. 2007. ISBN 9781904955344. OCLC 166381361(英语).
^ Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005-05-30). Viking Empires (First ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521829922
^Giles, J. A., ed. (2010-09-10). Six Old English Chronicles: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life Of Alfred, Geoffrey Of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius And Richard Of Cirencester. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN9781163125991
^Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-82992-2. p. 72
^Hooper, Nicholas Hooper; Bennett, Matthew (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-44049-1. p.22
^Costambeys, M (2004). "Hálfdan (d. 877)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49260
^Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-82992-2. p. 72-73
Saxo Grammaticus. Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis , 编. Gesta Danorum [Saxo Grammaticus: The history of the Danes: books I–IX] 1 & 2. Translated by Peter Fisher. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. 1980. Chapter introduction commentaries [1979]. ISBN 978-0-85991-502-1.
Margaret Schlauch|Schlauch, Margaret (transl.) (1964). The Saga of the Volsungs: the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok Together with the Lay of Kraka. New York: American Scandinavian Foundation.