元音詞幹

元音詞幹(thematic voweltheme vowel),在印歐語言學中,是結束於元音的名詞動詞詞幹,這個元音出現於或在其他方面影響名詞或動詞的變形范例。這個元音和動詞或名詞都稱為 thematic 的。athematic 詞根缺乏詞幹元音,而把變形直接附加在詞根自身上。

拉丁語

例如,考慮拉丁語“第一變格”單數結尾:

主格 rosa
屬格 rosae
與格 rosae
賓格 rosam
離格 rosā

元音 a 在這些格結尾中看起來很突出,所以名詞如 rosa 就叫做“a-詞幹”名詞,而 a 是詞幹元音,并且后來被作為包含詞根加后綴的詞幹來分析。事實上,語言學家現在相信在原始印歐語中的這個后綴是 *-eh2,帶有通常成為后代語言中 a 的喉音

希臘語

在 thematic 和 athematic 詞根之間的區別是在希臘語動詞中特別顯著;它們被分為由非常不同的人稱結尾標記的兩大類。thematic 動詞在希臘語中也叫做 -ω (-ô)動詞;athematic 動詞是 -μι (-mi) 動詞,分別以它們的第一人稱現在時結尾來命名。整個變位在這兩類動詞之間顯得非常不同,而這種不同實際上是 thematic 元音與動詞結尾相作用的結果;在古希臘語中,athematic 動詞的現在時主動結尾是:

-μι, -ς, σι, -μεν, -τε, -ασι(ν)
(-mi, -s, -si, -men, -te, -asi(n))

而 thematic 動詞采用結尾:

-ω, -εις, -ει, -ομεν, -ετε, -ουσι(ν)
(-ô, -eis, -ei, -omen, -ete, -ousi(n))

在希臘語中,athematic 動詞是一封閉類的來自祖先印歐語的繼承形式。在 thematic 和 athematic 形式之間的顯著對比還出現在立陶宛語梵語古教會斯拉夫語中。在拉丁語中,幾乎所有動詞都是 thematic 的;存在少數幸存的 athematic 形式,但是它們被當作是不規則動詞

thematic 和 athematic 區別也適用於名詞;很多古老的印歐語言在名詞變位中區分元音詞幹和輔音詞幹。在拉丁語中,第一、第二、第四和第五變格是元音詞幹,被別以 a, o, u 和 e 為特征;第三變格包含輔音詞幹和 i 詞幹二者,它們的變格在拉丁語中變得密切相似。希臘語、梵語和其他古老的印歐語言還區分元音和輔音詞幹,古英語就是如此。

其他語言

日耳曼語言凱爾特語言中,因為詞尾元音的消失,詞幹元音經常難於感知到。但是,它們的存在仍可觸及,在定義變格名詞或變位動詞的不同方法的意義上,所以語言學家仍偶爾談論這些語言中的元音詞幹和輔音詞幹。

現代英語和其他構詞類比所徹底簡化的語言中,在 thematic 和 athematic 形式之間的區別不再有意義。

參見

參考文獻

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