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馬頭魚尾怪（希臘語：ἱππόκαμπος，來自ἵππος——馬，及κάμπος——怪物^[1]的結合）在英文中常稱作海馬（sea-horse）^[2]，雖然現在只有希臘名稱，但實際上它是同時出現在腓尼基^[3] 和希臘神話中的一種生物。這種生物後來被吸納入伊特魯里亞神話中。一般被描述為後半身是蜷曲的有鱗魚的馬狀生物。

神話學

腓尼基和呂底亞

公元前四世紀在泰爾鑄造的硬幣上就已經出現有美刻爾其在馬頭魚尾怪上的圖案了。^[3] 呂底亞王室的貯藏中也發現了馬頭魚尾怪的形象，其歷史可追溯到公元前六世紀。^[4]

希臘和羅馬

在荷馬的《伊利亞特》中，荷馬曾描述波塞冬由黃銅蹄子的馬拉著在海面上奔馳的場景，^[5] 羅德島的阿波羅尼烏斯和瓦萊里烏斯·弗拉庫斯也曾描過繪類似的場景。^[6]^[7] 在希臘化時代和羅馬帝國時，拉馬車者便變成了馬頭魚尾怪，在之後的許多藝術作品中，馬頭魚尾怪和波塞冬一起出現的形象也屢見不鮮。

亞加亞附近赫里克的一座神廟是供奉波塞冬的，^[8] 據說當這座城市被洪水淹沒時，其上波塞冬與馬頭魚尾怪的銅像拖住了漁夫的漁網。^[9] 科林斯曾有一座鍍金青銅和象牙做成的雕像被認為是馬頭魚尾怪。^[10] 在羅馬帝國的許多公共浴場都有馬頭魚尾怪的鑲嵌畫。

伊特魯里亞

馬頭魚尾怪出現在伊特魯里亞文明的第一次東方化時期，是當時墓穴壁畫的主題之一，^[11] 而且通常會被畫上翅膀。^[12]

皮克特人

馬頭魚尾怪也出現在蘇格蘭皮克特人的雕塑上，其象徵意義不明。它到底源自何方也依然是個謎。^[13]

中世紀到現在

在文藝復興時期，馬頭魚尾怪常被用作紋章的一個要素。海事相關組織及個人尤常用到。不過在描述紋章時，hippocamp 和hippocampus指的是真的海馬，而seahorse指的才是馬頭魚尾怪。^[14]

18世紀後期建成的特萊維噴泉中有馬頭魚尾怪。1933年建立時，法國航空公司也曾在其標誌中使用馬頭魚尾怪的形象，在現在的飛行員室中還可以見到其蹤跡。

參見

參考文獻

^ Word origin of Hippocampus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at reference.com; compare the nameless monster Campe.
^ The hyphen distinguishes from the seahorse, a real fish.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Israel Antiquities Authority, Yizre'el Valley silver hoard （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved Jan 10 2013)
^ Sharon Waxman, Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World, Chapter 6; excerpt in Smithsonian 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-10., Nov. 14, 2008 (retrieved Jan 10 2013).
^ Homer, Iliad xlii. 24, 29;
^ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica (iv.1353ff)
^ Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.507.
^ Strabo: "The sea was raised by an earthquake and it submerged Helike and also the temple of Poseidon Helikonios..." (Geography 8.7.2).
^ According to Eratosthenes, noted by Strabo (loc. cit.).
^ Geography of Greece ii.1.7-.8
^ Etruscan sea creatures, including a range of hippocampi, are set in cultural context and ordered by typology in Monika Boosen, Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie u. Bedeutung (Archaeologica 59) (Rome:Bretschneider) 1986.
^ Katharine Shepard, The Fish-Tailed Monster in Greek and Etruscan Art, 1940, pp 25ff; the thesis was, exceptionally, reviewed (by G.W. Elderkin) in American Journal of Archaeology 45.2 (April 1941), pp. 307-308: available on-line through JSTOR.
^ Nigella Hillgarth, Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, in Myth, Legend & Art Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-02-17, January 8th, 2010 (retrieved Jan 10, 2013)
^ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Complete Guide to Heraldry, 1978.

Classical references: Homer, Iliad xlii. 24, 29; Euripides, Andromache 1012; Virgil Georgics iv. 389; Philostratus Imagines i. 8; Statius Thebaid ii. 45 and Achilleid 1.25.

外部連結

[dictionary.com-1] Word origin of Hippocampus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at reference.com; compare the nameless monster Campe.

[2] The hyphen distinguishes from the seahorse, a real fish.

[IAA-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Israel Antiquities Authority, Yizre'el Valley silver hoard （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved Jan 10 2013)

[4] Sharon Waxman, Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World, Chapter 6; excerpt in Smithsonian 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-10., Nov. 14, 2008 (retrieved Jan 10 2013).

[5] Homer, Iliad xlii. 24, 29;

[6] Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica (iv.1353ff)

[7] Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.507.

[8] Strabo: "The sea was raised by an earthquake and it submerged Helike and also the temple of Poseidon Helikonios..." (Geography 8.7.2).

[9] According to Eratosthenes, noted by Strabo (loc. cit.).

[10] Geography of Greece ii.1.7-.8

[11] Etruscan sea creatures, including a range of hippocampi, are set in cultural context and ordered by typology in Monika Boosen, Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie u. Bedeutung (Archaeologica 59) (Rome:Bretschneider) 1986.

[12] Katharine Shepard, The Fish-Tailed Monster in Greek and Etruscan Art, 1940, pp 25ff; the thesis was, exceptionally, reviewed (by G.W. Elderkin) in American Journal of Archaeology 45.2 (April 1941), pp. 307-308: available on-line through JSTOR.

[Hilgarth-13] Nigella Hillgarth, Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, in Myth, Legend & Art Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-02-17, January 8th, 2010 (retrieved Jan 10, 2013)

[14] Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Complete Guide to Heraldry, 1978.

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