42°12′15″N 72°37′00″W / 42.20417°N 72.61667°W / 42.20417; -72.61667
霍利奧克 (英語:Holyoke ),綽號紙城 ,是美國 麻薩諸塞州 漢登縣 的一個城市,座落於康乃狄克河西岸和湯姆山脈之間。面積59.1平方公里。根據美國2010年人口普查 ,人口39,880人。[ 1] 到了 2018 年,估計人口數為 40,358。霍利奧克位於斯普林菲爾德 (Springfield) 北邊 13 公里,屬於斯普林菲爾德大都會區 的一部份,為麻薩諸塞州兩個截然不同的都會區之一。[ 2]
霍利奧克是美國早期規劃的工業城市 之一。霍利奧克城與霍利奧克大壩串聯,充分利用哈德利瀑布的水力,是新英格蘭少數建築於格狀規劃上的城市。[ 3] 在 19 世紀末期,這座城市估計產出美國 80 % 的手寫紙用量,也是美國最大造紙廠建設公司、世界最大造紙廠、絲綢廠、和羊駝毛廠的所在地。[ 4] [ 5] [ 6] 儘管如今在霍利奧克的造紙商家數量已大幅下降,人們通常還是稱它為「紙城」。[ 7] [ 8] 如今,這座城市擁有一些專門的製造公司、以及麻州綠色高性能計算中心——一座於 2012 年啟用的校際研究設施。霍利奧克也是排球名人堂的所在地,被稱為是「排球的發源地」。因為這項國際性的奧林匹克運動項目是在 1895 年,在當地的基督教青年會 (YMCA) 韋廉姆·G·摩根 發明並首次進行的。[ 9]
水力工程師克萊門斯·赫歇爾 在1880年代於霍利奧克水力發電公司工作時,發明了文丘里儀表 用來決定霍利奧克運河系統中 各個工廠的用水。[ 10] [ 11] 這款設備提供了最早能夠精確測量大規模流水的管道,如今被用在一些工程方面,包括供水系統、汽化器、以及飛行儀表。由於有這些市政運河所提供的動力,霍利奧克是該州電力價格最低的地方之一。2016 年,該城市 85% 到 90% 的電力為碳中和,並預計在未來達到 100% 碳中和的目標。[ 12] [ 13]
除了來自「中国教育代表团 」的交換學生以外,該城市還接待過一名重要的中國官員。1906 年 5 月,陳錦濤 ——清朝第一名外國學者,被派來霍利奧克研究這裡萌芽中的造紙業和基礎設施,並在經過一個月的觀察後彙報給中國政府。他不只受到了工廠老闆的接待,也受到了市政府親自的接待,包括帶他參觀霍利奧克貯水系統 的城市工程師——詹姆斯·提格 。陳錦濤很可能是中國同盟會的一員,後來在清廷和中華民國政府繼續擔任重要職務,包括擔任後者的臨時外交部長。[ 14] [ 15] [ 16] [ 17] [ 18]
參考文獻
^ Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Holyoke city, Massachusetts . American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. [August 2, 2017] . (原始内容 存档于February 13, 2020) (英语) .
^ Population and Housing Unit Estimates . [May 23, 2019] . (原始内容存档 于2017-05-29) (英语) .
^ Breitbart, Myrna Margulies. ' Lofty artists' vs. 'El Oro del Barrio': Crafting Community and a Sustainable Economic Future in the Paper City . Creative Economies in Post-Industrial Cities; Manufacturing a (Different) Scene. London and New York: Routledge. 2016 [2020-04-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-04-08) (英语) .
^ Emory Alexander Ellsworth . Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers. October 1916, III (8): 480 [2020-04-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-04-14) (英语) . In 1879 Mr. Ellsworth left the firm of Davis & Ellsworth to become principal assistant and head draftsman for D. H. & A. B. Tower, of Holyoke, who were the largest firm of paper mill architects in the country at that time, and who designed no less than twenty paper mills in the city of Holyoke alone
^ Root, Joshua L. Something Will Drop: Socialists, Unions and Trusts in Nineteenth-Century Holyoke (PDF) . Historic Journal of Massachusetts. Fall 2009, 37 (2): 38. (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于December 24, 2017) (英语) .
^ Who's Who in the Silk Industry–William Skinner . Silk. Vol. XV no. 3 (Silk Publishing Company). March 1922: 44 [2020-04-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-04-08) (英语) . One building alone is 1000 feet long—the largest silk mill, under one roof, in the world
^ Nutting, George M. Massachusetts; a guide to its places and people . Cambridge: The Riverside Press. 1937: 248 (英语) .
^ Basbanes, Nicholas A. On Paper: The Everything of Its Two-thousand-year History . New York: Random House. 2014: 100 . ISBN 9780307279644 (英语) .
^ Sullivan, Mark; Travis, William (编). Fodor's Berkshires and Pioneer Valley. New York: Random House. 2005: 124 . ISBN 9781400014675 (英语) .
^ Invention of the Venturi Meter . Nature. August 17, 1935, 136 (3433): 254. Bibcode:1935Natur.136Q.254. . doi:10.1038/136254a0 (英语) .
^ Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15A) . Flight Standards Service. Skyhorse Publishing; Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation. 2013: 5–17. ISBN 9781616083021 (英语) .
^ Serreze, Mary C. Palmer and Holyoke honored for 100% renewable energy commitment . MassLive (Springfield, Mass.). July 20, 2016 [December 23, 2017] . (原始内容存档 于2018-08-15) (英语) .
^ Baker-Polito Administration Awards $1 Million Renewable Energy Grant to Holyoke . MA Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Commononwealth of Massachusetts. March 11, 2017 [December 23, 2017] . (原始内容 存档于December 23, 2017) (英语) .
^ Boorman, Harvard L., editor, Biographical Dictionary of the Republic of China (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) , "Ch’en Chin-t’ao", Columbia University Press, New York, 1967. I:170:173. (英语)
^ Visiting Holyoke Mills; Chintao Chen, Representative of the Chinese Government, Making a Special Study of the Paper Industry of Holyoke. Springfield Republican (Springfield, Mass.). May 24, 1906: 13 (英语) .
^ Tsao, Y. S. The Relation of the Returned Students to the Chinese Revolution . Journal of Race Development . 1914, 4 (1): 103 [2020-04-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-04-08) (英语) . Very few students from Europe and America were members of the 'Tung Men Hwei,' [sic] and judging from their actions only Mr. C. T. Wang, Drs. Chen Hui Wang and Chintao Chen from Yale were the only possible ones
^ Flood Prevention in China . Santa Fe Trail Magazine. Vol. 2 no. 5. May 1914: 63 [2020-04-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-04-08) (英语) . Dr. Chen Chin-Tao is now on his way to America to represent his country in negotiations [for $20,000,000 of bonds for engineering work to prevent floods in the Huai River Valley]
^ Exchange of Notes- Memorandum handed by the Japanese Minister to Dr. Chen Chintao, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs . American Journal of International Law; Supplement- Official Documents (New York: Oxford University Press). 1917, 11 : 117 [2020-04-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-04-08) (英语) .
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