雪车

雪车出发

雪車(英語:Bobsleigh)又稱為「有舵雪橇」或「長雪橇」,是以舵和方向盤控制雪橇的集體冬季運動項目。運動中使用的雪橇同樣稱作雪車,平均滑行速度可達每小时145公里至150公里,最高可達至251公里,由金屬所成。

歷史

雪車的起源說法不一,有一說是源於18世紀後期的英國,在當時,有英國人把平底的雪車安裝了車板,並於1884年舉辦公開比賽。人們又於1890年在雪車上安裝了金屬舵板和制動閘,成為了有可能是歷史上首輛的雪車。1898年1月,克雷斯特朗出現4人座雪車。1903年,圣莫里茨建成第一条人工雪車线路。另外的一個說法是起源19世紀末的瑞士,但後來證據了早在1880年左右,美國紐約州就已經出現木製雪車賽跑的紀錄。1923年11月,国际雪车和雪橇联合会成立。1957年,雪橇运动從国际雪車和雪橇联合会分出,另成立国际雪橇联合会。[1]

而雪車與跳台滑雪一樣,都是於第一屆冬季奧運中成為了正式的比賽項目。現時,雪車在冬季奧運中設立四個小項,包括男子雙人、(自由性別)四人、女子單人及女子雙人小項。在首兩屆的冬季奧運中只設男子四人小項,美國寧靜湖冬季奧運中新增了男子雙人小項,後來的美國鹽湖城冬季奧運中,女子雙人小項成為了並中一項雪車項目的小項之一,而美國的沃内塔·弗劳尔斯成為了第一位贏得冬季奧運的裔美國人。四人小項在截至2014年冬季奧運之時仍僅限男選手參加,後來國際雪車聯合會於2014年9月底正式確認女選手也可參加四人小項,自此四人小項成為自由性別項目[2]

冬季奧運上的雪車

男子4人雪車於1924年成為了冬季奧運的正式項目後,只有1960年冬季奧運因場地關係而被列出比賽項目之外,幾乎每屆的冬季奧運都設有此項目,當中的小項有男子雙人、(自由性別)四人(2014年及之前僅限男選手參加)、女子單人(2022年入選奧運會)及女子雙人(1998年入選奧運會)小項。[3]

雙人賽

冬季奧運上的雪車小項中的雪車長度不得超過2.7,寬度不得多於0.67米,滑橇板寬度8毫米,在雪車滑行時,雪車的重量不得高於375公斤。比賽時出发信号发出后,选手在起点处手推雪車奔跑起动,推行大概50米後,选手跃入座位。前者負責掌舵,後者負責制動。到达终点时选手均须在座位上才算成绩有效。[1]

當中,運動員在一次比賽中要滑行4次,分兩天比賽,每次滑行兩次,首輪的出發次序是以抽籤決定。之後的出場名次是按上一輪成績而定,最差的一組會先出發。在4輪完畢後,會以4次的滑行中到達終點的時間累積,得到最終的成績,數字愈低,則為排名愈高。若出現相同時間,則會以任何一次最快時間完成的一隊爲優勝。

四人雪車

四人賽

四人賽所使用的雪車最長的最高上限為3.8米,寬0.67米,滑橇板最小寬度是12毫米,在雪車滑行時,雪車的重量不得超於375公斤的重量。

當中,四人賽的運動員與雙人賽的運動員相同,都是於一次比賽中要滑行4次,分兩天比賽,每次滑行兩次,首輪的出發的次序以抽籤決定。之後的出場名次是按上一輪成績而定,最差的一組會先出發。在4輪完畢後,會以4次的滑行中到達終點的時間累積,得到最終的成績,數字愈低,則為排名愈高。若出現相同時間,則會以任何一次最快時間完成的一隊爲優勝。

雪車的構造

雪車以金屬所造,外型以流線型設計,雪車的底部有一對舵板和一對的固定平行滑板,在雪車後的是制動器,而在雪車內的是一個方向盤。

服裝

雪車的運動員在作賽時必須穿上:

  • 比賽服
  • 護肩、護肘與頭盔
  • 專用釘靴(靴釘要平均分佈於靴底,靴釘的長度不可多於14毫米,間隔要少於3厘米)

比賽場地

Altenberg雪車赛道

雪車的滑道是以混凝土或以材所建成,寬度為1.4米,兩側均爲護牆,護牆內側高1.4米,外側高2至7米。滑道及兩側的護牆均需澆冰,比賽線路長度爲1500米,全程有最少15個彎道,最多為20個,彎道的半徑最低下限為20米,其滑道的平均坡度爲4°30′-8°30′,而起點至終點的高度差異是100-150米。

軼事

  • 由於雪車和雪橇項目的器材較昂貴,在早期的冬季奧運中通常只有歐洲的發達國家參與,在奧地利冬季奧運中,東德贏得了所有小項的金牌。

參見

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 雪车. [2022-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-15). 
  2. ^ Bobsleigh: Women to join the men in 'four-man' bob. Reuters. 2014-09-25 [2022-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-24). 
  3. ^ 【冬奥青科普】“超速”的雪车究竟有多快?. [2022-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-03). 

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