阿諾·約翰內斯·威廉·索末菲[註 1](德語:Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld,1868年12月5日—1951年4月26日),德國物理學家,量子力學與原子物理學的開山始祖之一。他發現了精細結構常數,一個關於電磁相互作用的很重要的常數。他也是一位傑出的老師,教導和培養了很多優秀的理論物理學家。
在慕尼黑,索末菲遇到愛因斯坦,開始接觸到狹義相對論。那時,狹義相對論尚未被廣泛的接受。索末菲在數學方面做了許多重要的貢獻,給予狹義相對論更踏實的數學基礎,幫助解釋這理論的正確性,使許多仍舊持有懷疑態度的物理學家能夠心服口服。1914年他與莱昂·布里渊共同研究電磁波的傳播於色散介質。他也是量子力學的開山祖師之一。他提出的索末菲模型,是波耳模型的推廣。他發現了精細結構常數,是電磁相互作用中電荷之間耦合強度的無因次度量。他寫了一本關於原子理論的書,《Atombau und Spektrallinien》。這本書成為新一代物理學家學習原子理論的必讀書[5]。索末菲又將他的課堂講義整理編輯,發表為一套六集的書籍,《理論物理學講義》。
阿諾·索末菲 “Some Reminiscences of My Teaching Career”, American Journal of Physics Volume 17, Number 5, 315-316 (1949). 接受奧斯特獎章時的演講。
著作
阿諾·索末菲,《Mathematische Theorie der Diffraction》, Math. Ann.47 317-374 (1896)
阿諾·索末菲,《Mathematische Theorie der Diffraction》,英文翻譯,譯者 Raymond J. Nagem , Mario Zampolli ,與 Guido Sandri ,(Birkhäuser Boston, 2003) ISBN 0-8176-3604-8
阿諾·索末菲,《Atombau und Spektrallinien》,(Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1919)
阿諾·索末菲,《Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines》,英文翻譯,譯者 Henry L. Brose ,(Methuen, 1923)
阿諾·索末菲,《Atombau und Spektrallinien, Wellenmechanischer Ergänzungband》,(Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1929)
阿諾·索末菲,《Wave-Mechanics: Supplementary Volume to Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines》,英文翻譯,譯者 Henry L. Brose ,(Dutton, 1929)
阿諾·索末菲,漢斯·貝特, Elektronentheorie der Metalle ,編輯者 H. Geiger 與 K. Scheel ,《Handbuch der Physik》, Volume 24, Part 2, 333-622 (Springer, 1933). 這篇接近三百頁的文章後來又特別被發表為一本書:《Elektronentheorie der Metalle》,(Springer, 1967)
阿諾·索末菲,《Mechanik - Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 1》, (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, 1943)
阿諾·索末菲,《Mechanics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume I》,英文翻譯,譯者 Martin O. Stern ,(Academic Press, 1964)
阿諾·索末菲,《Mechanik der deformierbaren Medien - Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 2》,(Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, 1945)
阿諾·索末菲,《Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume II》,英文翻譯,譯者 G. Kuerti ,(Academic Press, 1964)
阿諾·索末菲 Elektrodynamik - Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 3 (Klemm Verlag, Erscheinungsort, 1948)
阿諾·索末菲,《Electrodynamics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume III》,英文翻譯,譯者 Edward G. Ramberg ,(Academic Press, 1964)
阿諾·索末菲,《Optik - Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 4》,(Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1950)
阿諾·索末菲,《Optics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume IV》,英文翻譯,譯者 Otto Laporte , Peter A. Moldauer ,(Academic Press, 1964)
阿諾·索末菲,《Thermodynamik und Statistik - Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 5》, Herausgegeben von Fritz Bopp , Josef Meixner. (Diederich sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1952)
阿諾·索末菲,編輯 F. Bopp , J. Meixner ,《Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume V》,英文翻譯,譯者 J. Kestin ,(Academic Press, 1964)
阿諾·索末菲,《Partielle Differentialgleichungen der Physik - Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 6》, (Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1947)
阿諾·索末菲,《Partial Differential Equations in Physics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume VI》,英文翻譯,譯者 Ernest G. Straus ,(Academic Press, 1964)
阿諾·索末菲,《Three Lectures on Atomic Physics》,(London: Methuen, 1926)
阿諾·索末菲,《Lectures on Wave Mechanics Delivered before the Calcutta University》,(Calcutta University, 1929)
菲利克斯·克萊因,阿諾·索末菲,《Über die Theorie des Kreisels》,4 集 (Teubner, 1897)
菲利克斯·克萊因,阿諾·索末菲,《Über die Theorie des Kreisels》,4 集 (Teubner, 1897)
延伸阅读
Beyerchen, Alan D. Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich (Yale, 1977)
Eckert, Michael Mathematics, Experiments, and Theoretical Physics: The Early Days of the Sommerfeld School, Physics in Perspective Volume 1, Number 3, 238-252 (1999)
Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. Intellectual Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 1: The Torch of Mathematics, 1800 to 1870. University of Chicago Press, paper cover, 1990a. ISBN 0-226-41582-1
Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. Intellectual Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925. University of Chicago Press, Paper cover, 1990b. ISBN 0-226-41585-6
Kant, Horst Arnold Sommerfeld – Kommunikation und Schulenbildung in Fuchs-Kittowski, Klaus ; Laitko, Hubert ; Parthey, Heinrich ; Umstätter, Walther (editors) Wissenschaft und Digitale Bibliothek: Wissenschaftsforschung Jahrbuch 1998135-152 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Verlag der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsforschung, 2000)
Kirkpatrick, Paul Address of Recommendation by Professor Paul Kirkpatrick, Chairman of the Committee on Awards, American Journal of Physics Volume 17, Number 5, 312-314 (1949). Address preceding award to Arnold Sommerfeld, recipient of the 1948 Oersted Medal for Notable Contributions to the Teaching of Physics, January 28, 1949.
Kragh, Helge Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century (Princeton University Press, fifth printing and first paperback printing, 2002) ISBN 0-691-01206-7
Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 – 1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. (Springer, 1982) ISBN 0-387-95174-1
Pauling, Linus Arnold Sommerfeld: 1868 – 1951, Science Volume 114, Number 2963, 383-384 (1951)
^Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 – 1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. Springer. 1982. ISBN 0-387-95174-1.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^ 3.03.13.2Jungnickel, Christa; Russell McCormmach. Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925. University of Chicago Press. 1990. ISBN 0-226-41585-6.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Jungnickel, 1990b, pp. 274, 277–278, and 281–285.
^Kragh, Helge. Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-691-01206-7.
^Kirkpatrick, Paul, Address of Recommendation by Professor Paul Kirkpatrick, Chairman of the Committee on Awards, American Journal of Physics, 1949, 17 (5): pp. 212–344 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)