2012年,麦吉尔大学在《国际移植》(Transplant International)杂志上发表了《蒙特利尔子宫移植伦理可行性标准》(蒙特利尔标准,Montreal Criteria for the Ethical Feasibility of Uterine Transplantation),提出一套进行子宫移植手术的标准。[32]这些标准因为没有在出生時被指定男性者中进行研究,只有在出生時被指定女性者可以被视为合乎伦理的移植接受者。将跨性别女性排除在子宫移植候选者之外,是因为缺乏研究来确定跨性别女性如何进行子宫移植手术,而不是本质上的禁止跨性别女性进行子宫移植。[33]2021年,蒙特利尔标准的作者在《生物伦理学》(Bioethics)杂志上发表了一套修订后的标准,为考虑指定性別為男性者(以及其他XY染色體人士个体)是否适合接受子宫移植的伦理框架提供指导。[34]
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^ 6.06.16.26.36.4Berger, Anthony P; Potter, Elizabeth M; Shutters, Christina M; Imborek, Katherine L. Pregnant transmen and barriers to high quality healthcare. Proceedings in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015-08-24, 5 (2): 1–12. doi:10.17077/2154-4751.1285.
^Hembree, Wylie C.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; Delemarre-van de Waal, Henriette A.; Gooren, Louis J.; Meyer, Walter J.; Spack, Norman P.; Tangpricha, Vin; Montori, Victor M. Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons:An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009-09-01, 94 (9): 3132–3154. PMID 19509099. S2CID 20486653. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0345.
^Bonnington, Adam; Dianat, Shokoufeh; Kerns, Jennifer; Hastings, Jen; Hawkins, Mitzi; De Haan, Gene; Obedin-Maliver, Juno. Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Contraceptive counseling for transgender and gender diverse people who were female sex assigned at birth. Contraception. August 2020, 102 (2): 70–82. PMID 32304766. S2CID 215819218. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.001.
^Glaser, Rebecca L.; Newman, Mark; Parsons, Melanie; Zava, David; Glaser-Garbrick, Daniel. Safety of maternal testosterone therapy during breast feeding. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding. 2009, 13 (4): 314–317. PMID 23966521.
^ 16.016.116.2Light, Alexis D.; Obedin-Maliver, Juno; Sevelius, Jae M.; Kerns, Jennifer L. Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning. Obstetrics & Gynecology. December 2014, 124 (6): 1120–1127. PMID 25415163. S2CID 36023275. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000540.
^Light, Alexis; Wang, Lin-Fan; Zeymo, Alexander; Gomez-Lobo, Veronica. Family planning and contraception use in transgender men. Contraception. October 2018, 98 (4): 266–269. PMID 29944875. S2CID 49434157. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.06.006. Most participants were not afraid of pregnancy (n=130, 69.5%)
^Lefkowitz, Ariel; Edwards, Marcel; Balayla, Jacques. Ethical considerations in the era of the uterine transplant: an update of the Montreal Criteria for the Ethical Feasibility of Uterine Transplantation. Fertility and Sterility. October 2013, 100 (4): 924–926. PMID 23768985. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.05.026. in the absence of sufficient research demonstrating safety and efficacy, uterine transplant in men and trans individuals fails to meet the first stipulation of Moore's Criteria for Surgical Innovation, which requires that novel surgical procedures have an adequate research background. It is on this basis that the Montreal Criteria exclude nongenetic female recipients. However, it certainly bears mentioning that there does not seem to be a prima facie ethical reason to reject the idea of performing uterine transplant on a male or trans patient. A male or trans patient wishing to gestate a child does not have a lesser claim to that desire than their female counterparts.
^Balayla J.; Pounds P.; Lasry A.; Volodarsky-Perel A.; Gil A. The Montreal Criteria and uterine transplants in transgender women. Bioethics. 2021, 35 (4): 326–330. PMID 33550647. S2CID 231862917. doi:10.1111/bioe.12832.