買辦

買辦,是指为外国组织从事投资、贸易、经济或政治剥削充当代理人的人或团体[1]。在现代中文中,狭义上指近代史上外国在华贸易公司“洋行”雇佣的中国籍代理人[2]

马克思主义理论中,买办资产阶级指在中国或其他发展中国家,为外国帝国主义利益服务的一类资产阶级,常简称为“买办阶级”或“买办”[3][4][5][6]。在中国大陆互联网,“买办”一词常倾向于这一含义。

语源与历史

在中国古代,自宋朝起,“买办”一词专指宫廷、官府采买物品的商人[2]明朝中期,葡萄牙语的comprador传入中国,本意为“采购者”。[2][7]中国人开始也将为外国商人采办、管事的中国人称作“买办”[8]

清代初期在广东设置十三行,建立进出口垄断组织公行,清政府任命“买办”来“以官治商、以商治夷”,以加强对外贸易[2]。清代買辦分為洋行買辦、外商銀行買辦、輪船公司買辦,多以廣東和江浙出身。這類由外商僱用之商人通常外語能力強,一方面可作為歐美商人與中國商人的翻譯,也可處理歐美國家商界與中國政府之雙向溝通。除此,這類型商人還可自營商舖,因此致富者頗眾。

清代末期,中国进入近代,自鸦片战争以后,由于从1842年南京条约开始,签订了一系列不平等条约帝国主义列强逐渐可自行选择买办,中国政府丧失了买办的管辖权[9][10][11]

近代以来,买办从中西方交易的官方代言人,变为为西方侵略势力扩张下的产物,是帝国主义列强对中国进行侵略、扩张势力和剥削的重要工具。其为服务于帝国主义资本家而存在,“买办”保证制度也因而实施[2]

20世纪初,马克思主义传入中国,买办开始用于描述阶级。革命者将资产阶级按照支持革命的态度,分为民族资产阶级以及与之对立的官僚资产阶级买办资产阶级。“买办阶级”的概念最早由瞿秋白孔涤庵提出。“代表中国最落后、最反动的生产关系,严重地阻碍和破坏了社会生产力的发展”[12]。到20世纪80年代,“买办”被准确地描述为“外国资本主义入侵中国后,中国的半殖民地半封建社会中出现的一个新的阶级”[13]。“买办”一词也不再仅限于经济利益层面,也拓展到文化、政治等意识形态领域[14]

不过就阶级划分,马克思主义学界也有争议,有人对“买办阶级”是否彻底反动提出质疑[15]

全球化背景下,“买办”一词重新进入全世界的词典,用来指代全球范围内发展中国家的这类阶级贸易集团埃及马克思主义者萨米尔·阿明在他的著作中讨论了买办在当代全球经济中的作用[16]

著名買辦

從移民社會轉型為定居社會以後,因為臺灣1860年代開港通商,在傳統的地主與郊商之外,買辦成為臺灣新興的社會領導階層:

参见

參考文獻

  1. ^ comprador. lexico.com. OXford University Press. [2022-05-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-04). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 牛司勇.“买办”概念变异考析[J].广州广播电视大学学报,2018,18(05):72-76+111.
  3. ^ 毛泽东; Michael Y. M. Kau, John K. Leung (eds.) 毛泽东语录 - 第二卷 1949-1976: January 1956-December 1957页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). M.E. Sharpe, 1992, p. 136
  4. ^ 毛泽东. 《中国社会各阶级的分析》页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Marxists.org.
  5. ^ Slobodan Antonić: Компрадори页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ Trotsky, Leon. History of the Russian Revolution (PDF). 2008: 13–14 [2022-05-03]. ISBN 978-1931859-45-5. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-08-15). 
  7. ^ 亨特. 广东番鬼录[M]. 广州:广东人民出版社, 37
  8. ^ 黄逸峰. 关于旧中国买办阶级的研究[J].历史研究, 1964(3).
  9. ^ 中国海关. 中外条约汇编第1卷[R].1917:353
  10. ^ 王铁崖. 中外旧约章汇编(第一册)[M]. 上海: 三联书店重印本,1982:31,52,53-54,59
  11. ^ (美)威罗贝. 外人在华特权和利益[M]. 王绍坊(译). 上海: 三联书店,1957:353.
  12. ^ 黄逸峰. 关于旧中国买办阶级的研究 [J]. 历史研究 ,1964(3).
  13. ^ 王敬虞. 唐廷枢研究 [M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社 ,1983:13
  14. ^ 黄逸峰,姜锋. 旧中国的买办阶级[M]. 上海: 上海人民出版社,1982:5.
  15. ^ 复旦大学历史系、历史研究编辑部、复旦学报编辑部. 近代中国资产阶级研究[C] 近代中国资产阶级研究(续辑). 上海: 复旦大学出版社,1986.
  16. ^ Amin, Samir (2011). Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Pambazuka Press, Oxford. ISBN 1906387796.
  17. ^ 中国资本主义现代企业的起步. 国学网--中国经济史论坛. [2007-11-05]. (原始内容存档于2007-04-29). 

研究書目

  • 郝延平著,李榮昌譯:《十九世紀的中國買辦:東西間橋樑》(上海:上海社會科學出版社,1988)。

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