在精神病学中,生硬言语 (stilted speech)或過度正式言语 (pedantic speech)是一種不妥當的正式與嚴謹的溝通方式。[ 1] [ 2] 这种形式既可以是不当的韵律,也可以是言语内容“浮夸、法律化、哲学或古雅” 。[ 3] [ 4] 通常情况下,此種言语可以作为诊断精神分裂症 或自闭症光谱 (ASD)的依据,或者作为精神分裂症 或分裂性人格障礙 的常见症状的一种思维障碍 。[ 5] [ 6]
为了判断生硬言语,研究者先前已经观察到了以下特征:[ 7]
语言传递了过多信息
使用书面语,而非日常会话的词汇和语法
不必要的重复或修正
书面的和冗长单词内容,通常是生硬言语中最容易识别的特征,这种言语也表现出不规则的韵律,尤其是在谐振方面。[ 7] 通常,生硬言语的音量、音高、频率和鼻音与正常言语不同,使人们感觉迂腐或者造作。 例如,过大的声音或过高的音调可能会给听众造成过于有力的印象,而缓慢或带鼻音的讲话会给人屈尊俯就的印象。[ 8]
这些在自闭症 患者中常见的症状,部分解释了為何生硬言语用于诊断自闭症 。[ 8] [ 7] 不当的语调,语义漂移,简洁和执着,这些都是在与自闭症谱系 的青少年交谈时常见的缺陷。[ 9] 通常,自闭症 儿童中发现的生硬言语也会被特别地刻板化或重复练习。
精神分裂症 患者也会经历生硬言语。 这种症状既是由于其无法接触更常用的词汇,也是由于其难以理解语用学 ——即语言与上下文之间的关系。[ 10] 然而,生硬言语相较其他精神病症状不太常见。[ 11] 这种认知障碍的因素也表现为自戀型人格疾患 的症状[ 12]
参考文献
^ McKenna P.J., Oh T.M. (2012.) Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00905-8
^ Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Volkmar, Fred R. New York, NY: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9781441916976 . OCLC 822231140 .
^ Rosenblau, G; Kliemann, D; Dziobek, I; Heekeren, HR. Emotional prosody processing in autism spectrum disorder . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. February 2017, 12 (2): 224–39. PMC 5390729 . PMID 27531389 . doi:10.1093/scan/nsw118 .
^ Peter F. Liddle, Royal College of Psychiatrists Disordered mind and brain: the neural basis of mental symptoms , 301 pages RCPsych Publications, 2001 (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-901242-65-X
^ Victor Peralta, Manuel J. Cuesta, Jose de Leon Title:Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study , Publication:Comprehensive Psychiatry Elsevier March–April 1992 (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ), Elsevier Retrieved 2012-01-12
^ [1] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) doi :10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 Retrieved 2012-01-12
^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ghaziuddin, M.; Gerstein, L. Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. December 1996, 26 (6): 585–595. ISSN 0162-3257 . PMID 8986845 . doi:10.1007/bf02172348 .
^ 8.0 8.1 Shriberg, L. D.; Paul, R.; McSweeny, J. L.; Klin, A. M.; Cohen, D. J.; Volkmar, F. R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. October 2001, 44 (5): 1097–1115. Bibcode:10.1.1.385.7116 . ISSN 1092-4388 . PMID 11708530 . doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087) .
^ de Villiers, Jessica; Fine, Jonathan; Ginsberg, Gary; Vaccarella, Liezanne; Szatmari, Peter. Brief report: a scale for rating conversational impairment in autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2007, 37 (7): 1375–1380. ISSN 0162-3257 . PMID 17082976 . doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0264-1 .
^ Covington, Michael A.; He, Congzhou; Brown, Cati; Naçi, Lorina; McClain, Jonathan T.; Fjordbak, Bess Sirmon; Semple, James; Brown, John. Schizophrenia and the structure of language: the linguist's view. Schizophrenia Research. 2005-09-01, 77 (1): 85–98. Bibcode:10.1.1.532.2190 . ISSN 0920-9964 . PMID 16005388 . doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 .
^ Jeffrey A. Lieberman, T. Scott Stroup, Diana O. Perkins, American Psychiatric Publishing The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of schizophrenia - 435 pages American Psychiatric Pub, 2006 (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-58562-191-9
^ S. Akhtar and J. Anderson Thomson, "Overview :Narcissistic personality Disorder" American Journal of Psychiatry 139 :1 (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Retrieved 2012-01-12