zh %E6%96%B7%E5%A1%8A

斷塊（英語：Fault block）是由地殼中的構造和局部應力造成的非常大的岩石塊，有時長達數百公里。大面積的基岩能被斷層破碎成塊。斷塊的特點是相對均勻的岩性。這些斷塊中最大的稱為地殼塊。從板塊中分離出來的大型地殼塊被稱為地體^[1]。具岩石圈全部厚度的地體稱為微板塊。大陸大小的斷塊被稱為各種微大陸、大陸帶、H 塊、伸展異地塊和外高地^[2]。由於大多數應力與板塊的構造活動有關，因此斷塊之間的大多數運動是水平的，即與地殼平行的走滑斷層。然而，斷塊的垂直位移較大時，會形成地貌（山、丘、脊、湖、谷等）。相鄰地壘和地塹可以形成高懸崖。由於地殼的壓實或拉伸作用，這些塊體的移動通常伴隨著傾斜^[3]。

斷塊山脈

斷塊山脈通常是由裂谷作用產生的，這是伸展構造的一個指標。由裂谷系統形成的斷塊山脈大小不一^[4]，例如東非裂谷帶。加利福尼亞的死亡谷是一個較小的例子。有兩種主要類型的塊狀山脈；兩個斷層之間的抬升型塊體和主要受一個斷層控制的傾斜塊體。

抬升型塊狀山脈有兩個陡峭的側面，露出兩側的陡坡，例如在歐洲各地的地壘和地塹地形，包括上萊茵河谷，兩個地壘之間的地塹 - 孚日山脈（法國）和黑森林（在德國），以及保加利亞和東南歐的里拉 - 羅多彼地塊，包括地壘形的 Belasitsa 地壘（線性地壘）、和里拉山（拱形圓頂形地壘）。皮林山 –是一個地壘形成一個巨大的背斜，位於Struma 和 Mesta 的複雜地塹谷^[5] ^[6] ^[7]。

傾斜型塊狀山脈有一側平緩傾斜和一側陡峭的陡坡，在美國西部的盆地和山脈地區很常見。

地塹的一個例子是印度的納爾馬達河盆地，位於 Vindhya 和 Satpura 地壘之間。

參考文獻

^ A crustal block may or may not also comprise a tectonostratigraphic terrane that has a specific geologic definition. Bulter, Robert F. (1992) "Chapter 11: Applications to Regional Tectonics" Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes Blackwell, pp. 205–223, page 205, archived here by Internet Archive on 26 October 2004
^ Péron-Pinvidic, Gwenn; Manatschal, Gianreto (2010). "From microcontinents to extensional allochthons: witnesses of how continents rift and break apart?". Petroleum Geoscience. 16 (3): 189. doi:10.1144/1354-079309-903. S2CID 131142997.
^ Plummer, Charles, David McGeary, and Diane Carlson. Physical Geology 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.
^ Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution. 2nd educational Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-314-09577-2 (pp. 234,-8)
^ Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980). Географски речник на България [Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura). p. 368.
^ Димитрова (Dimitrova), Людмила (Lyudmila) (2004). Национален парк "Пирин". План за управление [Pirin National Park. Management Plan] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. Sofia: Ministry of Environment and Water, Bulgarian Foundation "Biodiversity". p. 53.
^ Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България [Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ciela. pp. 128–129. ISBN 954-649-717-7.

[”A”-1] A crustal block may or may not also comprise a tectonostratigraphic terrane that has a specific geologic definition. Bulter, Robert F. (1992) "Chapter 11: Applications to Regional Tectonics" Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes Blackwell, pp. 205–223, page 205, archived here by Internet Archive on 26 October 2004

[”Péron”-2] Péron-Pinvidic, Gwenn; Manatschal, Gianreto (2010). "From microcontinents to extensional allochthons: witnesses of how continents rift and break apart?". Petroleum Geoscience. 16 (3): 189. doi:10.1144/1354-079309-903. S2CID 131142997.

[”-3] Plummer, Charles, David McGeary, and Diane Carlson. Physical Geology 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.

[”Monroe”-4] Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution. 2nd educational Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-314-09577-2 (pp. 234,-8)

[Мичев”-5] Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980). Географски речник на България [Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura). p. 368.

[”Dimitrova”-6] Димитрова (Dimitrova), Людмила (Lyudmila) (2004). Национален парк "Пирин". План за управление [Pirin National Park. Management Plan] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. Sofia: Ministry of Environment and Water, Bulgarian Foundation "Biodiversity". p. 53.

[”Donchev”-7] Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България [Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ciela. pp. 128–129. ISBN 954-649-717-7.

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