新加坡開埠

新加坡開埠
1819年伴隨萊佛士前往新加坡簽訂條約船員所描繪當時的新加坡
地点新加坡
創立时间1819年2月6日
举办频率特定重要週年年份會舉辦紀念活動
最近一届2019 (二百週年)
網站www.sg/sgbicentennial
(官方開埠200週年網頁) (英文)

新加坡開埠[1]（英文：the founding of Singapore）[2][3]是指1819年，英國人萊佛士爵士短暫到訪新加坡，和天猛公阿都拉曼以及蘇丹胡先，三人在2月6日簽署條約，批准英國東印度公司在新加坡開設貿易港 [2][4]。另外，因為古代新加坡都曾經是一個主要的商埠，[5] 所以亦會稱1819年為「現代新加坡開埠（the founding of modern Singapore）」。[6][7][8] 而新加坡政府會在特定的重要週年年份舉辦不同的紀念活動。[6]

歷史背景

新加坡開埠在印度尼西亚的位置
新加坡
新加坡
馬六甲
馬六甲
檳城
檳城
吉
打
柔
佛
彭
亨
馬六甲
海峽
新加坡開埠
廖內
群島
明古魯
明古魯
巴東
巴東
一些美国城市新加坡位置以及周邊環境

18世紀後期，大英帝國與大清帝國商貿日益頻繁，而對於航海路線中途設置英國控制據點的需求亦越來越大。於是，英國東印度公司先後在1786年同1791年和吉打的蘇丹簽訂條約租借馬來西亞半島西面的檳城[9]。而在1795年，第一次反法同盟戰爭期間，荷蘭的威廉五世在戰火下流亡英國，他簽發一系列後世稱為《基佑宮信函（Kew Letters）》的信件給予荷蘭在海外不同的殖民地，指示當地總督將管治權暫時交託給予英國，當中包括馬六甲、巴東等地[10]。

1811年，柔佛的蘇丹馬末．沙三世（Mahmud Shah III）離世，隨即觸發他兩個兒子誰人繼位做新蘇丹的問題。大兒子東姑胡先（Tengku Hussein）當時不在柔佛，而是在彭亨舉辦婚禮，於是乎小兒子東姑阿都拉曼（Tengku Abdul Rahman）把握幾會繼位成為新蘇丹[11]。而大兒子之後就被人放逐隱居到廖內群島入面的一個島上[11]。

1814年，歐洲局勢穩定後，英國與荷蘭簽訂協議，英國將原本荷蘭的殖民地交還[12]。荷蘭繼後在南洋勢力逐步增強，同時向停泊於區內荷蘭殖民地的船隻徵收大量稅款，包括英國船隻[13]。

萊佛士爵士

1818年3月22日，萊佛士爵士在印尼明古魯出任殖民地副總督[14]。去到同年秋天，他為了增加英國在區內的據點，前往印度並成功說服總督支持他在馬六甲海峽東南部尋訪一個適合的地點開闢做英國的新據點[14]。

另一方面，同年11月28日[15]，荷蘭與繼位做柔佛蘇丹的小兒子東姑阿都拉曼達成協議，在廖內設置駐軍營地[16][13]，令荷蘭掌握馬六甲海峽主要航運通道的實際控制權[13]。

之後在1819年1月28日，萊佛士爵士抵達新加坡[2]。他旋即安排會見當時的天猛公阿都拉曼（Abdul Rahman），並在兩日後簽訂臨時協議[17]，而且事後立即舉行英國旗升旗禮。但因為協議只屬臨時性質，所以仍然需要一份由當地蘇丹簽署的正式協議落實[11]。

不過，因為當刻是由小兒子東姑阿都拉曼做蘇丹，而小兒子與荷蘭關係緊密，所以萊佛士可以成功遊說簽訂協議的機會非常低[18]。

萊佛士為了解決這個問題，他利用繼位問題作為切入點，安排大兒子東姑胡先來到新加坡，指大兒子才是正統繼位人，宣佈承認東姑胡先為蘇丹[18]，並在2月6日舉行正式簽署儀式，而且事後再一次舉行英國旗升旗禮[2]。就此，新加坡正式開埠[2]。

重要週年年份紀念活動

新加坡政府會在特定的重要週年年份舉辦不同的紀念活動。最近一次新加坡政府大搞開埠紀念活動的年份為2019年的二百週年紀念[19][20]。

二百週年（2019年）

農曆年慶祝燈飾（右側拱門上以中英雙語標示「紀念新加坡開埠200週年」）

為了紀念開埠200週年，當時新加坡政府提前超過一年，在2017年年尾已經宣佈設立特別工作組專門負責籌備紀念活動的工作[20]。去到2019年，總理李顯龍選擇在1月28日，就是萊佛士首次登陸新加坡的日子，來為緊接下來的一年的開埠紀念活動舉行啟動禮[21][22]。紀念活動由政府，以及超過200個團體[21]，還有3,800名義工共同協助籌備[23]。當中包括演唱會[24]、燈光匯演[25]、歷史展覽[26]等等。官方亦都為200週年發行紀念郵票同鈔票[27][28][29]。政府更向有需要的群體，以慶祝開埠二百週年紀念為由，特別發放額外的稅務優惠和社福津貼[30]。

一百五十週年（1969年）

1969年是新加坡開埠150週年，亦都是新加坡立國的第四年。當時新加坡政府是提早一年，即是1968年年初，就已經開始安排不同的慶祝活動[31]。

外部视频链接
YouTube logo
1969年英國皇室雅麗珊郡主出訪新加坡
video icon Princess Alexandra In Singapore (1969)

去到第二年，時任總理李光耀選擇2月6日，在新加坡商會籌備的開埠150週年紀念宴會入面致辭，作為一連串慶祝活動的開首[32][3]。當年官方不單只發行紀念郵票與金幣[33][34]，還特別邀請英國皇室出席開埠紀念活動。當時雅麗珊郡主（Princess Alexandra）就接受新加坡政府的邀請，代表英國女皇伊利沙伯二世出訪新加坡參加。在新加坡的七日行程入面，雅麗珊郡主不單只參加開埠紀念節目，出席新加坡國慶日慶典巡遊，亦探訪新加坡居民[35]。

除此之外，當年還有不同的展覽、演唱會、體育比賽等等不同節目慶祝開埠150週年[31][36]。

一百週年（1919年）

新加坡萊佛士黑銅雕像上嘅紀念碑

殖民地政府提早一年成立兩個特別委員會，為慶祝開埠一百週年出謀獻計[37]。「百年紀念委員會（Centenary Memorial Committee）」作為其中一個委員會，決定設立一個基金為高等教育同興建一所本地大學籌集資金[38]。這個基金隨後促成萊佛士學院（Raffles College）的成立，而學院最後會演變成今日的新加坡國立大學[38]。

當時，開埠一百週年紀念日被定為公眾假期[39]。當日早上，時任總督在原有的萊佛士黑銅雕像的基座上面，為一塊表揚萊佛士爵士的新紀念碑舉行揭幕儀式[37]，讚揚萊佛士爵士在新加坡的發展上面所扮演的重大角色[40]，同時亦都以此為連串慶祝活動拉開序幕[37]。

開埠百年的紀念活動包括巡遊、賽艇、聖安德烈座堂的感恩崇拜等等[37]。而新加坡上下不同的族裔社群，包括阿拉伯人、泰米爾人、穆斯林、歐亞混血群體與猶太社區等等，都有舉行慶祝活動[37]。

五十週年（1869年）

夜晚的加文納橋

加文納橋 (Cavenagh Bridge) 於1869年開幕，來慶祝新加坡開埠50週年[41]。這條橋是以1859至1867年期間，海峽殖民地最後一任總督 William O. Cavenagh 爵士的名字而命名[41]。

這條橋是新加坡河上面，現存最古老的吊橋[42]。2019年8月，同時又是開埠二百週年的年份，新加坡政府宣佈將這座吊橋列為國家古蹟之一[43]。

參考

  1. ^ 總理李顯龍. 国庆群众大会 2019. 新加坡總理辦公室. 2019年2月6日. （原始内容存档于2022年11月7日）. 各位同胞，大家晚上好！新加坡开埠200周年纪念
    今年是新加坡的开埠200周年。1819年是我国发展史的转捩点。那一年，莱佛士登陆新加坡，并且在这里设立了自由贸易港，吸引了大批移民从东南亚、印度和中国到这里谋生。我们的华族先辈有的来自中国广东、潮汕和福建，有的则来自邻近地区如槟城、马六甲和廖内群岛。他们刚来时，大多只能做苦力，勉强糊口。不过，他们刻苦拼搏，结果都找到立足之地，在这里安家立业。一些后来做起小生意，教育程度比较高的会当老师、做记者。有些则成了大园主，或者创办了银行和贸易行。他们可以说是我们的"开埠一代"，为这里做出巨大的贡献。     
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Stamford Raffles’s landing in Singapore. Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡国家图书馆管理局. （原始内容存档于14 September 2022） （英语）. 28 Jan 1819: The Indiana and Enterprise anchor at St John’s Island. Raffles and Farquhar meet the Temenggong...30 Jan 1819: A draft agreement is penned between the Temenggong and the British, and the Union Jack is raised with little ceremony...6 Feb 1819: The Singapore Treaty is signed between Raffles, the Sultan and the Temenggong, with commanders from the accompanying seven ships witnessing the event... The Union Jack is officially raised. This date is recognised as the official founding of Singapore. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 新加坡國家檔案館. SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER AT THE BANQUET GIVEN BY THE SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO MARK THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF SINGAPORE - 6TH FEBRUARY, 1969 (PDF). （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021年9月24號） （英语）. 
  4. ^ SINGAPORE TREATY IS SIGNED: 6th Feb 1819. HistorySG. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于28 July 2022） （英语）. On 6 February 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles, Temenggong Abdur Rahman and Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor signed a treaty that gave the British East India Company (EIC) the right to set up a trading post in Singapore. In exchange, Sultan Hussein received a yearly sum of 5,000 Spanish dollars while the Temenggong received 3,000 Spanish dollars. It was also on this day that the British flag was formally hoisted on Singapore, marking the birth of Singapore as a British settlement. 
  5. ^ China trade. Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡国家图书馆管理局. （原始内容存档于13 January 2023）. Temasek, the name for Singapore, emerged as an important port in the early 14th century. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Plans to mark 200th anniversary of the founding of modern Singapore in 2019: PM Lee. The Straits Times. 31 December 2017. （原始内容存档于21 October 2021） （英语）. The Singapore story did not begin in 1965, the year of independence. Instead, it stretches back 700 years, telling a tale of ebb and flow...Even before Raffles' arrival at St John's Island on Jan 28 that year, Singapore had a rich history, harking back to the 14th century when it was a maritime emporium. 
  7. ^ Farquhar & Raffles: The Untold Story. BiblioAsia. 新加坡国家图书馆管理局. 31 January 2019. （原始内容存档于15 January 2023） （英语）. Farquhar deserves as much credit as Raffles in the founding of modern Singapore. 
  8. ^ 林志强. 淡马锡古国的遭遇. 联合早报. （原始内容存档于2021年6月17日）. 淡马锡在王大渊到来之前已经亡国，再也不是商船前来贸易的港口 
  9. ^ Penang Port Commission. HISTORY PENANG PORT. （原始内容存档于2022年11月26號） （英语）. Prior to the English, Penang was originally part of the Malay Sultanate of Kedah . It's known as a harbour for pirates at that time. In 1786, Francis Light established Penang the first British trading post in the Far East . Light had persuaded the Sultan of Kedah to cede Penang to the British East India Company in exchange for military protection from the Siamese and Burmese armies who were threatening Kedah. On11 August 1786, Captain Francis Light, known as the founder of Penang, landed in Penang and renamed it Prince of Wales Island in honor of the heir to the British throne. In 1790, when Sultan Abdullah of Kedah heard that the British would not give protection, he formed an army to get rid of the Dutch and the English. He assembled his men at Prai to retake the island of Penang but was defeated. Captain Francis Light had carried out night raids on the enemy's fortress. In 1791, Sultan Abdullah signed a treaty with the British handing over Penang Island to the British. Light promised to pay the Sultan 6,000 Spanish dollars annually. Today, almost two centuries later, the Penang State Government still pays RM 18,800.00 to the Sultan of Kedah annually. 
  10. ^ Andrew Porter. 《The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume III: The Nineteenth Century》. Oxford University Press. : 374. ISBN 0199246785 （英语）. The French Revolutionary Wars drastically reduced the Dutch position in South-East Asia but increased the French challenge to Britain. After the French invaded the Netherlands, William V fled to England and issued the Kew Letters (1795) instructing Dutch Governors overseas to transfer their territories to British safe-keeping. Britain consequently occupied the Cape, Ceylon, Padang (Sumatra), Malacca, Ambon, and Banda. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 美國國會圖書館. William Farquhar Correspondence and Other Malay Letters (1812-1832) at the Library of Congress. （原始内容存档于2022年7月3號） （英语）. Sultan Abdul Rahman ascended the throne of the kingdom of Johor at the expense of his older half-brother Tengku Hussein who was away in the kingdom of Pahang for his wedding at the time of the passing of their father. Despite the support of certain members at court, Tengku Hussein was unable to claim the throne, and relegated to a quiet existence on an island (Pulau Penyengat). 
  12. ^ 英國國會. Convention Between Great Britain And The Netherlands. （原始内容存档于2022年7月23號）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Singapore: A Country Study. （原始内容存档于2022年11月17號） （英语）. By 1818 the Dutch had returned to the East Indies and had reimposed their restrictive trade policies. In that same year, the Dutch negotiated a treaty with the Bugis-controlled sultan of Johore granting them permission to station a garrison at Riau, thereby giving them control over the main passage through the Strait of Malacca. British trading ships were heavily taxed at Dutch ports and suffered harassment by the Dutch navy. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. [2023-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15） （英语）. In 1817 the court of directors confirmed him in the governorship of Bencoolen, and he took up his appointment there on 22 March 1818...Having received information that the Dutch were fitting out expeditions with the view of occupying all the most commanding situations in the Archipelago, Raffles urged upon his superiors the necessity of taking counter steps. Proceeding to Calcutta in the autumn of 1818 to confer with the government of Bengal, a voyage on which he was shipwrecked at the mouth of the Hooghly, he obtained authority to assume charge of British interests to the eastward of the Straits of Malacca, as agent to the governor-general, and prevailed upon the Marquis of Hastings, who had now been brought to express approval of his conduct in Java, to allow the occupation of Singapore. This almost uninhabited island he had selected even before leaving England as highly fitted for preserving to British trade free access to the eastern islands, and preventing the Dutch from securing the exclusive command of the eastern seas. He had discovered its capabilities in the course of his Malay studies. It was unknown alike to the European and to the Indian world, and it had been overlooked by the Dutch, who conceived themselves to have occupied every place available for securing the only two practicable approaches to the Archipelago—the Straits, namely, of Malacca and Sunda. 
  15. ^ Marks, Harry J. The First Contest for Singapore 1819-1824. Brill. 1959: 47 [2023-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15） （英语）. By this time, of course, Van der CapeIlen had heard of the British occupation of Singapore and had discussed it with Elout, Buyskes, and Wolterbeek. On 25 February 1819 he drew up a document summarizing his views and decisions. "From the somewhat confused reports sent in by the Governor of Malacca," Van der CapeIlen concluded that "it appears almost certain" that a British force under Raffles and Farquhar "has indeed set foot upon the island of Singapore." This island was "a dependency of the empire of Linga, Djohor, Pahang, Riouw, etc.," with which on 28 November 1818 the Netherlands government had signed a treaty wherein the sultan "acknowledged being a vassal of H.M. the King of the Netherlands and as receiving his empire as a lawful and permanent feudal tenure." This document perpetuated the treaty of 1784 which had "never been nuIIified or altered," as the action of former Governor Couperus in ceding Riouw was nuIl and void, never having been ratified by the government. Malacca upon reverting to the Dutch therefore included all the prewar dependencies. Farquhar's "so-called treaty" of the previous August was null and void, the sultan lacking authority to sign such an agreement, and it was expressly outlawed when the sultan in the treaty of 28 November 1818 (Articles 22 and 23) obligated himself never to cede any part of his territories nor to conclude treaties with other powers without consent of the Netherlands government, and abrogated all prior treaties. 
  16. ^ 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. A Royal Wedding Gone Wrong: The 1820 Uprising in Riau That Brought the Bugis to Singapore. BiblioAsia. （原始内容存档于2022年12月21號） （英语）. The Dutch Return to Riau
    No such premonitions were apparent to Königsdorffer when the Dutch frigate Tromp dropped him in Tanjung Pinang on Bintan island. Sometime in November 1818, the Dutch had returned to their former possessions in the East Indies (Malay Archipelago) and were eager to renew their old alliances. Arriving in a show of military force on Pulau Penyengat, they promptly signed a treaty with the reigning Bugis Viceroy or Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Jaafar, which was sealed with the stamp of Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of the Johor-Riau Sultanate. The flag of the Netherlands was raised on the island, and Königsdorffer was appointed Resident and Commandant over the small garrison of 150 men.     
  17. ^ 新加坡國家圖書館管理局 Singapore Infopedia 資料庫. Temenggung Abdul Rahman. （原始内容存档于2022年8月13號） （英语）. On 28 January 1819, Stamford Raffles and William Farquhar landed in Singapore and met with Temenggung Abdul Rahman to negotiate a provisional treaty. The Temenggung signed the preliminary treaty and allowed for a British settlement in Singapore provided the terms were approved by his patron, Tengku Husain. This agreement that was drafted on 30 January 1819 stated that the Temenggung was the "Ruler of Singapore, who governs the country of Singapore in his own name and in the name of Sree Sultan Hussein Mahummud Shah". 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 新加坡國家文物局. A Game of Thrones. Roots. （原始内容存档于2022年8月11號） （英语）. The reigning Sultan at the time was Tengku Abdul Rahman. Tengku Abdul Rahman was the second born son, and his older half-brother, Tengku Hussein Shah, should have been the rightful successor. However, Tengku Hussein Shah was away at Pahang at the time of the Sultan's passing in 1811, which led to his younger half-brother, Tengku Abdul Rahman, becoming Sultan instead. The hasty coronation ceremony to instate Tengku Abdul Rahman as Sultan before Tengku Hussein Shah's return was organised with a politically-charged agenda by the leader of the Bugis faction, effectively aligning themselves with the Dutch...Aware of this dispute, Raffles struck a deal with Tengku Hussein Shah, knowing that this man had the support of the Malay chiefs in Riau and Pahang. It was a calculated move on his part, since Abdul Rahman was crowned by the Bugis faction that allied themselves with the Dutch, and this may have presented challenges in the negotiations for a British trading settlement in the region. Raffles summoned Tengku Hussein Shah to Singapore, acknowledged him as the legitimate successor to the throne, and proclaimed him the Sultan of Johor. An official treaty was signed on 6th February 1819 with Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Sultan Hussein Shah, which gave the British East India Company the right to operate a trading post in Singapore. This acknowledgement was beneficial for both the Temenggong and Sultan Hussein Shah. Both men were paid a handsome sum of money yearly to uphold this agreement. 
  19. ^ Singapore Bicentennial Office. Bicentennial: From Singapore to Singaporean. （原始内容存档于2021年10月19號）. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 政府成立开埠200周年工作组 2019年举办多项纪念活动. 聯合早報. 2017年12月31號. （原始内容存档于2018年4月21號）. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 李顯龍, 總理辦公室. Speech by PM Lee Hsien Loong at the launch of the Singapore Bicentennial on 28 January 2019. （原始内容存档于2022年9月27號） （英语）. Hence I am glad that for the Bicentennial, over 200 groups and organisations are holding commemorative events. 
  22. ^ 1819 marked start of modern, multicultural Singapore: Lee Hsien Loong. The Straits Times. （原始内容存档于2022-12-18） （英语）. The year-long series of events was launched by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong to mark 200 years since Sir Stamford Raffles' arrival. 
  23. ^ 新加坡开埠200年工作组将招募3800名志工. 聯合早報. 2018-04-21. （原始内容存档于2018-04-26）. 
  24. ^ 城里的乐光 | 新加坡开埠200周年纪念演唱会. 新浪網. 2019-06-09. （原始内容存档于2023-01-16）. 
  25. ^ 新加坡國家發展部 MND Link 新聞通訊. i Light Singapore — Bicentennial Edition x Community. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號）. 
  26. ^ 政府在探讨是否延长开埠200年展览. 聯合早報. 2019-08-06. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）. 为纪念新加坡开埠200年设的历史体验展，自6月1日开放给公众预约参观后反应踊跃，也有不少人呼吁让展览延期闭幕。有关当局正在考虑这些请求，也可能将展览改为永久展览，但必须评估技术上的可行性。 
  27. ^ 新加坡邮政局推出开埠200周年纪念邮票. 聯合早報. 2019-06-22. （原始内容存档于2019-06-24）. 
  28. ^ 开埠200周年纪念钞首发 银行未开已排队. 聯合早報. 2019-06-10. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）. 
  29. ^ 金管局推出第二批新加坡开埠200年周年纪念钞. 聯合早報. 2019-09-16. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）. 
  30. ^ 1.4 Million Singaporeans to Receive Bicentennial Bonus Benefits in November 2019. 新加坡財政部. （原始内容存档于2022年12月2號） （英语）. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 新加坡國家檔案館. 150th Anniversary of the Founding of Singapore. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號） （英语）. National celebrations came under the Ministry of Culture (MC) during the early years. Thus, MC drove the plans to celebrate the 150th Anniversary of the founding of Singapore in 1969, on a grand scale and work began in early 1968 following a Cabinet directive. Key programmes included the issue of gold and silver commemorative coins; a series of commemorative stamps depicting key achievements and historical highlights; a commemorative book on the political, economic and social history of Singapore spanning the period 1819-1969; exhibitions; concerts; and other organised activities. 
  32. ^ 新加坡國家檔案館. Document Number: lky19690206 [新加坡國際商會慶祝新加坡開埠 150 週年宴會：總理致辭 - 1969年2月6號]. 1969年2月6號. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號）. 
  33. ^ 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. Stamping History. BiblioAsia. 2018年1月9號. （原始内容存档于2022年7月7號） （英语）. The 150th anniversary of the founding of Singapore series in 1969 was the first time that stamps were issued in 12-by-12 centimetre miniature sheets, and featured different designs for each of the six values. To commemorate the milestones in Singapore’s modern history, Eng and Han Kuan Cheng, who were colleagues at Radio Television Singapura, used a semi-abstract graphic style to depict the country's industrialisation (15 cents), entry into the United Nations (30 cents), merger with Malaysia (75 cents), self-government in 1959 ($1), the Japanese Occupation ($5) and the landing of Sir Stamford Raffles ($10). 
  34. ^ 新加坡國家文物局. The Story of Gold in Singapore. Roots. （原始内容存档于2022年8月17號） （英语）. This is the first commemorative gold coin commissioned by the Board of Commissioners of Currency and minted by the Singapore Mint in 1969 to mark the 150th anniversary of Singapore's founding by Sir Stamford Raffles. 
  35. ^ Royal Over-Seas League. FROM THE ARCHIVES: PRINCESS ALEXANDRA VISITS SINGAPORE. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號） （英语）. Fifty years ago in 1969, Singapore marked its 150th anniversary in a high-profile manner too and in a link of special interest to the Royal Over-Seas League, Vice-Patron HRH Princess Alexandra was invited by the Singapore Government to represent HM the Queen to attend the commemoration activities. It was noted by the then-British High Commissioner, Sir Arthur de la Mare, that then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wanted to give the visit 'all possible trappings', including 'as many guns as it [was] possible to fire', and to 'take the opportunity to make manifest [Singapore's] connection with Britain'. Such was the warmth and enthusiasm Singapore had towards the British back then! Princess Alexandra's visit to Singapore lasted for seven days, during which she interacted with everyday Singaporeans, officiated the opening of a reservoir, and most notably attended Singapore's National Day Parade as the principal guest. Throughout the visit, she was warmly received by Singaporeans. 
  36. ^ 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. 东南亚国术邀请赛 : 庆祝新加坡开埠150周年纪念, 1819-1969. SG Books. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號）. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Centenary Day. Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2021年11月4號） （英语）. The Centenary Day saw celebrations held by each major ethnic group, such as the Arab, Tamil, Muslim, Eurasian and Jewish communities...The Centenary Memorial Committee proposed the formation of a Centenary Day Committee to look into celebrations on the event day...Official celebrations began with the arrival of Governor Arthur Young at Victoria Memorial Hall at 7.30 am...After addressing the crowds, Young unveiled a commemoration tablet on the plinth of the newly relocated statue of Raffles...This was followed by the reading of addresses and congratulatory messages from the various ethnic and business communities in Singapore and abroad, and a choral service of thanksgiving at St Andrew's Cathedral...After the unveiling ceremony, sea sports held at the Singapore harbour commenced. Spectators thronged to Johnston's Pier to catch a view of the boat races, which featured vessels bedecked with flags and decorations. A procession of over 8,000 schoolchildren carrying flags and banners walked along the main roads towards the Serangoon Road Race Course where the festivities continued. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Raffles College. Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年10月18號） （英语）. Raffles College was set up in 1928 at 469 Bukit Timah Road as a college for higher education in the arts and sciences. Its formation was the result of a scheme to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Singapore by Stamford Raffles (Sir). In 1949, Raffles College merged with King Edward VII College of Medicine to form the University of Malaya, which became known as the University of Singapore in 1962, and then the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 1980 after merging with Nanyang University. 
  39. ^ About: 1919 - The Singapore Centenary and Its Celebration. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年10月2號） （英语）. Centenary Day took place on 6 February 1919 and marked Singapore's hundredth year as a colonial port-settlement. It was celebrated as a public holiday filled with official festivities and fanfare. 
  40. ^ Statue of Stamford Raffles. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2023年1月6號） （英语）. A tablet was placed at its plinth to recognise the role that Raffles had played in the founding of modern Singapore. The plaque reads: "1819–1919. This tablet to the memory of Sir Stamford Raffles, to whose foresight and genius Singapore owes its existence and prosperity, was unveiled on February 6th, 1919, the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Settlement." 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 The Earliest Thoroughfares. Memories of Two Cities. （原始内容存档于2022年7月4號） （英语）. Completed in 1869 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of Singapore, the bridge is named after William Orfeur Cavenagh, who was the last governor of the Straits Settlements (1859–1867) before Singapore became a crown colony. 
  42. ^ Singapore River Bridges: Cavenagh Bridge, Anderson Bridge and Elgin Bridge. Roots. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年12月7號） （英语）. Cavenagh Bridge is the oldest surviving suspension bridge across the Singapore River. 
  43. ^ Cavenagh Bridge. Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年11月30號） （英语）. In August 2019, it was announced that Cavenagh Bridge, Elgin Bridge, and Anderson Bridge would be collectively gazetted as a National Monument.