^Jagdish Mehra, Helmut Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, page 47
^Paul Pojman. Ernst Mach - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 斯坦福大学. 2008年5月21日 (英语). It was in these years at Vienna that Mach began his interest in physiology. Johannes Müller and his students had started a new school of physiology in the 1840's. Initially centered in Berlin, it came to Vienna following the political reforms of 1848 in the guise of Ernst Brüke and Carl Ludwig, a former a student of Müller. This new school was characterized not just by a general suspicion of vitalism (though Müller remained a vitalist of sorts), but more by an agreement on the importance of the application of physical-chemical methods to the biological sciences. Carl Ludwig, Herman von Helmholtz, and Ernst Haeckel also studied under Müller.缺少或|url=为空 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
^John T. Blackmore, Ernst Mach; His Work, Life, and Influence. page 44