密尔方法(Mill's Methods)指是哲学家约翰·斯图尔特·密尔在其1843年的著作《逻辑体系》(A System of Logic)中描述的五种归纳方法,旨在阐明因果关系的问题。[1]
方法
直接同意法
If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon.
如果一个属性是一个必要条件,那么如果效果存在,它就必须始终存在。既然是这样,那么我们有兴趣查看存在效果的情况,并注意在那些被认为是“可能的必要条件”的属性中存在哪些属性,哪些不存在。显然,任何在效果出现时不存在的属性都不能成为效果的必要条件。这种方法在比较政治学中也被更普遍地称为最异体制设计(the most different systems design)。象征性地,该方法可以表示为:
If an instance in which the phenomenon under investigation occurs, and an instance in which it does not occur, have every circumstance save one in common, that one occurring only in the former; the circumstance in which alone the two instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or an indispensable part of the cause, of the phenomenon.
If two or more instances in which the phenomenon occurs have only one circumstance in common, while two or more instances in which it does not occur have nothing in common save the absence of that circumstance; the circumstance in which alone the two sets of instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or a necessary part of the cause, of the phenomenon.
Subduct[2] from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents.
Whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon, or is connected with it through some fact of causation.
^Churchill, Robert Paul. Logic: An Introduction 2nd. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1990: 418. ISBN 978-0-312-02353-9. OCLC 21216829. In his book A System of Logic (1843), Mill proposed four methods for testing causal hypotheses: the method of agreement, the method of difference, the joint method of agreement and difference, and the method of concomitant variation.7 (footnote 7: Mill also proposed a fifth method, which he called the method of residues.)
^"Subduct" is an archaic word meaning "take away" or "subtract".