外瓶黴屬(学名:Exophiala)是一屬無性的(anamorphic)真菌,屬於Herpotrichiellaceae科,是一種在自然界呈一定的地域性分布的条件性致病菌[2][3],亦是在魚類上出現的廣義的黑色真菌症[4]及人類皮膚出現的皮下黑色真菌症[5]的病原體。
外瓶黴屬於1966年由J.W. Carmichael確定[6],當時被歸類為半知菌亞門;腐生,可引起腹膜炎(Deuteromycetes)[7]。
分類
現時被歸類為外瓶黴屬的有28個品種[8]:
- 嗜堿性外瓶黴 Exophiala alcalophila [9]
- Exophiala angulospora Iwatsu, Udagawa & T. Takase 1991
- Exophiala atacamensis Madrid, Gené, Quijada, Cantillo & R. Gacitúa 2023
- Exophiala caementiphila Sastoque, Stchigel & Cano-Lira 2024
- Exophiala calicioides (Fr.) G. Okada & Seifert 2000
- Exophiala castellanii Iwatsu, Nishim. & Miyaji 1984
- Exophiala chapopotensis Ide-Pérez, Sánchez-Reyes, Folch-Mallol & Sánchez-Carbente 2024[10]
- Exophiala dehoogii Torres-Garcia, Gené & Dania García 2023
- 皮炎外瓶黴 Exophiala dermatitidis [9]::會分泌黑色分泌物[11],可引起暗色絲孢霉病[9]、皮下黑色真菌症和著色芽生黴菌症[5]
- 多匹可樂外瓶黴 Exophiala dopicola [9]
- Exophiala exophialae
- Exophiala heteromorpha
- 甄氏外瓶黴 Exophiala jeanselmei [9]:可引起一種名為maduromycosis的Eumycetoma[7],This is usually an asymtomatic disease which presents with black or brown macular lesions which enlarge by peripheral extension. The lesion is darkest at the periphery and very distinct margins. Lab diagnosis- using a KOH mount. Typically seen is brown septate branching hyphae or dark brown budding cells. Treatment is topical antifungal: miconazole or econazole;亦可引起暗色絲孢霉病[9]和皮下黑色真菌症[5];
- Exophiala lecanii-corni
- Exophiala mansonii
- Exophiala mesophila
- 叢梗孢外瓶黴 Exophiala moniliae [2];
- Exophiala negronii
- Exophiala phaeomuriformis
- 嗜魚外瓶黴 Exophiala pisciphila :見於魚類的黑色真菌[4];
- 假寡孢外瓶霉 Exophiala pseudooligosperma Z.F. Yu & X.Q. Yang
- Exophiala psychrophila O.A.Pedersen & Langvad, 1989
- 鮭魚外瓶黴 Exophiala salmonis :模式種,見於魚類的黑色真菌[4];
- 棘狀外瓶黴 Exophiala spinifera :會引起著色芽生黴菌症[5]
- 威尼克外瓶黴 Exophiala werneckii [2]:黑癬的病原體。部份文獻把這種黴與 Hortaea werneckii、Cladosporium werneckii及Phaeoannellomyces werneckii等同[12]。
參考資料
參看
外部連結
- ^ C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell,. Introductory Mycology 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ. 2004. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
- ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet (The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA). December 2007, 13: 1–58. (原始内容存档于2009-03-18).