「倫理復原主義」集中於恢復倫理的規範,並恢復對初期教會門徒身份的委身[12]。重洗派教徒巴頓·史東(Barton W. Stone )和聖潔運動都是倫理復原主義的例子。這運動規定要遵守普遍的誡命,例如聖經所記的安息日,這是早在伊甸園的亞當和夏娃的時期已有的;並以希伯來年曆來訂定年、季、禮拜和日。
此外,猶太人的常規包括割禮、獻祭牲等的禮儀都是由十誡,挪亞七律和大節期分別出來的,這些誡命都是頒布給全人類的,並對全人類生效的。山上寶訓中論律法的部分,警告人不要變成反律法主義,也不要拒絕聖經有關奉行律法的教導。
第一次大覺醒期間,某些浸信會投入運動,她們被稱為「獨立浸信會」(Separate Baptists)。這運動的兩個主題是「信條的拒絕」和「靈性的自由」(freedom in the Spirit)[40]。「獨立浸信」認為聖經是教會的「完美法則」(perfect rule)[41]。但是,當他們轉向聖經去尋求教會的結構樣式,他們沒有堅持當中的細節要完全一致。[42]起源於新英格蘭,但在南方尤為強勁,他們強調聖經模式,使教會能夠壯大。在18世紀後半,它蔓延到肯塔基州西邊和田納西州,以至後來的斯通與坎貝爾運動得到紮根[43]。南部的獨立浸信會為「復原運動」立下基礎,因為斯通與坎貝爾的成員,大部分來自獨立浸信會。[42]獨立浸信會的復原主義也促成「地界浸信會」的發展,與斯通與坎貝爾復原運動在同一地區和在大約同一的時間。在詹姆斯·羅賓遜格雷夫斯(James Robinson Graves)的領導下,這個小組找到了原始教會精確的藍圖,並相信與這藍圖的任何偏差,會導致不能成為真正教會的一部分。[43]
坎貝爾運動的特點是,有系統及理性地重新建構初期教會。相反,斯通運動(The Stone movement)的特徵是激進自由(radical freedom)和缺乏教義的[54]。兩個運動儘管有分歧,它們在幾個關鍵問題上也是一致的[55]。它們都視恢復使徒性的基督教為加速千禧年的方法,它們也視復興早期教會為追尋基督教自由的途徑。它們相信使徒性的基督教能作為基督徒合一的模範,並能使基督徒達至合一[55]。它們在信仰上也是一致的,它們都相信耶穌是基督,是神的兒子,基督徒應該在每週的第一天領受聖餐,成年信徒浸入水中的浸禮是得救的必要條件[55]。由於創辦人希望廢棄所有教派標籤,所以他們以聖經中耶穌的追隨者的名字,作為他們的名字[56]。信徒為了恢復早期教會和聯合基督徒而委身於這兩個運動中,已足以激發兩個運動中眾多參與者的合一了[57]。
兩者的合併得出了一個新的運動,創辦人考慮到要以出自聖經和非世俗的名字,為這新運動命名。斯通希望繼續使用「基督徒」這名稱,而亞歷山大・坎貝爾堅持要用「基督的門徒」為命,因此,兩個名稱都一拼被取用。[58][59]
復原運動有幾個分支,引申出多個不同的群體。其中三個源自美國的群體,包括Churches of Christ、Christian churches and churches of Christ和Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)宣稱「斯通 - 坎貝爾運動」(The Stone-Campbell movement)是它們的根源。有些人視這些分支的出現,是由於復原主義和普世教會合一運動(ecumenism)之間的張力。Churches of Christ和Christian churches and churches of Christ藉著強調復原,而Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)則藉著強調「普世教會合一運動」來消除這張力[61]。美國以外的教會,包括Churches of Christ in Australia 和 Evangelical Christian Church in Canada也加入這運動。[62][63]
後期聖徒運動的追隨者相信其創辦人約瑟·斯密是神的先知,他被揀選去恢復原初耶穌所建立的使徒教會。正如一般的復原主義者群體,摩爾門教徒相信,於使徒時代末期和公元325年第一次尼西亞會議之前,耶穌建立的教會和祭司職位已從地上撤回了。改革宗信徒的運動強調建基於聖經研讀,但斯密宣稱要恢復啟示和使徒權柄。[67]根據Allen and Hughes表示後期聖徒比其他群體更有效和始終如一地用到「恢復」這個語言,早期的摩爾門教徒似乎沉醉於恢復古老的教會。[68]
基督復臨安息日會,是從復臨安息日運動中誕生出來,屬於米勒派的分支。基督復臨安息日會是第二次大覺醒,米勒派運動於19世紀40年代在紐約北部一帶,出現的數個基督復臨派群體中最大的一派。對復臨安息日運動相當重要的懷愛倫著作;宣揚「漸進啟示」的信念[77],教導基督徒的生活和見證,是旨在作為「預言的靈」(Spirit of Prophecy)的代表。
大部分復臨安息日會的神學,跟基督教教義如三位一體和聖經無誤等相仿。獨特的教導包括「死後無意識」和「查案審判」等教義。
這教會還以其注重飲食和健康、對全人的瞭解、推崇宗教自由,及其保守的原則和生活方式著稱。
普世神的教會
普世神的教會(The Worldwide Church of God, WCG)從安息日教會體系而出。赫伯特・阿姆斯壯(Herbert W. Armstrong)的個人事奉發展為「神的教會電台」(Radio Church of God),後來成為上帝的普世神的教會。後來普世神的教會在復原運動中,經歷多次分裂,成為許多不同的教會和團體,並力圖加入成為基督新教的一支。當中有兩個最大的群體,包括神的活教會(Living Church of God)和聯合神的教會(United Church of God, UCG)繼續在傳承阿姆斯壯主義(Armstrongism)。
復臨基督教會
復臨基督教會並非隸屬於基督復臨安息會,而是自認為「從威廉・米勒衍生出來的六個基督教宗派當中的第二個派別。」[78]
1860年「復臨基督徒大會」(The Advent Christian General Conference )成立「首日」復臨基督徒群體,這教會的信念包括:「有條件的靈魂的不朽說」(conditional immortality)和「靈魂睡眠」(soul sleep)。
該運動全球有成千上萬的信徒和著名的教會網絡,包括泰利域高(Terry Virgo)帶領的「新前線(Newfrontiers)」、巴尼庫姆斯(Barney Coombs)帶領的「鹽和光國際事工(Salt and Light Ministries International)」和由羅傑·福斯特(Roger Forster.)等人帶領的「伊哲薩斯基督徒團契(Ichthus Christian Fellowship)」。
^ Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on Restoration, Historical Models of
^ Jump up to: a b c d e
^ 2.02.1Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge, The Routledge companion to the Christian church, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-37420-0, 9780415374200, 684 pages
^Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, p.665, Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, 2005: "An Anabaptist, Servetus believed what has always been basic to restorationism: ... the true, apostolic church .... Restorationists in the South include three churches of the STONE-CAMPBELL TRADITION."
^ Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge, The Routledge companion to the Christian church, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-37420-0, 9780415374200, 684 pages
^Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s, David W. Bebbington, pub 1995, Routledge (UK), ISBN 0-415-10464-5, pg 230,231; 245-249
^Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction, Stephen J. Hunt, pub 2003, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd; ISBN 0-7546-3410-8, pg 82,83
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ," Abilene Christian University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-89112-006-8
^ 8.08.1C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ,"
^ C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ"
^Rubel Shelly, I Just Want to Be a Christian, 20th Century Christian, Nashville, Tennessee 1984, ISBN 0-89098-021-7
^Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ,
^David Lynn Holmes, The faiths of the founding fathers, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530092-0, 9780195300925, 225 pages
^Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005, 952 pages, ISBN 0-8028-2416-1, 9780802824165, entry on Restoration Movements
^Max Turner, “Ecclesiology In The Major ‘Apostolic’ Restorationist Churches In The United Kingdom,” Vox Evangelica 19 (1989): 83-108.
^Elaine Milley, "Modern Theology of Restorationism,", Masters Thesis, Theological Studies Department, Tyndale College and Seminary
^Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Restoring the faith: the Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American culture, University of Illinois Press, 1993, ISBN 0-252-06281-7, 9780252062810, 281 pages
^Stephen Hunt, Alternative religions: a sociological introduction, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, ISBN 0-7546-3410-8, 9780754634102, 268 pages
^See for example Cassandra Yacovazzi, The Crisis of Sectarianism: Restorationist, Catholic, and Mormon Converts in Antebellum America, Masters Thesis, Department of History, Baylor University, May 2009
^Anouar Majid, "The Political Geography of Holiness", American Literary History, April 17, 2009
^ 21.021.121.2Stephen Hunt, Christian millenarianism: from the early church to Waco, Indiana University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-253-21491-2, 9780253214911, 258 pages
^ 22.022.122.222.3C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ"
^ 23.023.1Barbara W. Tuchman (1984). The march of folly. New York, U.S.A.: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780394527772.
^Richard Hooker. "Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian". Retrieved 2007-03-08.
^ 29.029.129.2C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.21
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.22-23
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.22
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.24
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.29-31
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.291,22
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.112
^Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" P.638
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.117
^Richard T. Hughes (editor), The American Quest for the Primitive Church, University of Illinois Press, 1988, 292 pages, ISBN 0-252-06029-6 P.5
^Richard T. Hughes (editor), The American Quest for the Primitive Church, University of Illinois Press, 1988, 292 pages, ISBN 0-252-06029-6 P.5,6
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.65
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.66
^ 42.042.1C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.67
^ 43.043.1C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.68
^ 44.044.1 C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.89-94
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.89
^ C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.90
^ C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.90,91
^ C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.91,92
^ C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.92,93
^ C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.93
^Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on Great Awakenings P.368
^Monroe E. Hawley, Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity, Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas, 1976, ISBN 0-89137-512-0 (paper), ISBN 0-89137-513-9 (cloth) P.27-32
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ," P.106-108
^ 55.055.155.2C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ," P.108
^McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) - St. Louis, Chalice Press, ISBN 978-0-8272-1703-4 P.27
^Richard Thomas Hughes and R. L. Roberts, The Churches of Christ, 2nd Edition, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0-313-23312-8, 9780313233128, 345 pages P.8,9
^McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) - P.27,28
^Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopaedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, P.125
^ 60.060.1Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopaedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, P.368
^Leroy Garrett, The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement, College Press, 2002, ISBN 0-89900-909-3, 9780899009094, 573 pages P.383
^Leroy Garrett, The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement, College Press, 2002, ISBN 0-89900-909-3, 9780899009094, 573 pages
^Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)
^Encyclopedia of new religions: new religious movements, sects and Christopher Hugh Partridge - 2004 "In June 1848, he returned to England and was well received in Nottingham and had further speaking engagements in Derby"
^The British Millennial Harbinger and Family Magazine ed. James Wallis July 1848 cover, October 1848 in full
^Bushman, Richard (2008). Mormonism: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
^C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.94
^(See Pearl of Great Price: Joseph Smith - History: Chapter 1:19)
^ 70.070.1C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ" P.95
^ 71.071.1Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" P.544,545
^Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on Mormonism P.545
^ 73.073.1Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" P.545
^Midnight and Morning: The Millerite Movement and the Founding of the Advent Christian Church, 1831-1860 by Clyde E. Hewitt (Venture Books, 1984), as cited by "The Advent Christian Church: An Introduction", AreaChurches.com
^Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. chap. 31 p. 707 "A biography of Russell, published shortly after his death, explained: "He was not the founder of a new religion, and never made such claim. He revived the great truths taught by Jesus and the Apostles,"
^"Be Joyful Harvest Workers!". The Watchtower: 11. 15 July 2001.
^Reasoning From The Scriptures. Watchtower. 1988. p. 169.
^"Militarism and Navalism - How Long?" by Charles Taze Russell, Watch Tower, January 1, 1916, page 5, "We see wrongs perpetrated in every direction; Divine Laws entirely set aside by these so-called Christian nations--Christendom. ...God's nation--is in the world, but not of it. Its members cannot be loyal to the prince of this world [Satan], and to the Prince of Glory, both. ...Indeed, we entreat all the Lord's dear people to remember that there are but the two great Masters; and that we have enlisted on the side of our God and His Christ, and are to prove loyal to these in the midst of a crooked and perverse people, blinded by the god of this world and filled with his spirit of pride, boastfulness, animosity, hatred and strife. It should be our desire to be neutral as between these contending factions of Satan's empire. ...Let us never forget our neutrality. Let us be just toward all, kind, generous. Let us avoid as far as possible any discussion of these matters with those who would not be able to understand and appreciate our position."[italics added]Retrieved 2010-12-20
^"Bible Students and the Future", Watch Tower, April 1, 1915, page 101, "In all the Continental Armies our Brethren, known as Bible Students, are to be found--not willingly, but by conscription. ...Before the war we recommended to the Brethren that in the event of hostilities they should, so far as possible, if drafted, request positions in the hospital service or in the supplies department, where they could serve the Government efficiently; whereas, if they were ordered to the firing line, they would not be obliged to shoot to kill. We have reasons for believing that these suggestions are being followed... We have exhorted the brethren to strict neutrality so far as the combatants are concerned, whatever might be their natural inclination through accident of birth or association."Retrieved 2010-12-20
^The Watchtower, April 15, 1983, pg 29, "Why is God's name, Jehovah, missing from most modern translations of the Bible? Superstition that developed among tradition-bound Jews caused them to avoid pronouncing God's personal name, Jehovah. This has contributed to worldwide ignorance regarding the divine name."