馬克·布雷認為反种族主义行动就是美國當代安提法團體的雛型[14]。在1980年代後期至1990年代,反种族主义行动的成員會跟著較受歡迎的朋克搖滾和光头党乐队一起巡回,以使三K党成員、新納粹主義者等白人優越主義相關者難以在現場發掘新成員[11][69][70]。他們的口號為「他們去哪,我們就跟到底」——其背後意思是他们会在音乐会上跟極右派活动分子对峙,并主动从公共场所沒收破壞他們的宣傳用品[52]。白人至上主义团体「世界造物主教会」(World Church of the Creator)的负责人马修·F·黑尔(英语:Matthew_F._Hale)於2002年在宾夕法尼亚州發表演講時,受到了反种族主义行动的成員打断,最終雙方爆發衝突,警方到場後拘捕了25人[11]。玫瑰之都反法西斯主義運動(英语:Rose City Antifa)於2007年在波特蘭成立,它很有可能是首個以安提法命名的組織[5][8][71]。美國其他安提法团体則有著不同的起源。1987年在明尼阿波利斯成立的团体光头(Baldies)以直接對抗新納粹主義团体為要旨[41]。2013年,反种族主义行动的激進派分支另行創立火炬安提法網絡(英语:Torch Antifa Network)[72],後者的分部遍佈全美[73]。其他安提法团体則隸屬不同的聯盟,或自行獨立運作[74]。
贝纳特(Beinart)表示,安提法參與者「嘗試找出白人至上主義者,然後讓老闆炒他們魷魚,使之永久驅逐於公司部門之外……此外還試圖打斷白人至上主義者的集會,過程中不排除使用武力」[75]。《华盛顿邮报》上的一篇書評稱:「去平台化為安提法的策略之一,即不讓他們在公共場合中發表意見;阻挠活動進行、破坏宣傳物品;若參與者認為有必要,則使用暴力作威嚇」[54]。全国公共广播电台指出,安提法的「做法充滿著對抗性……為安提法站台者亦不得承認他們有時會攜帶棍棒」[77]。有线电视新闻网形容安提法「聞名於在示威期間破壞財物」[58]。斯科特·克劳表示,安提法參與者相信破壞財物「不等同於暴力」[58]。《洛杉磯時報》寫道,安提法示威者會參與「騷亂。攻擊一小撮特朗普总统的支持者,以及他們所認定的納粹主義者或白人優越主義者(他們的指責有時會出錯)」[78]。在夏洛茨維爾,安提法參與者曾使用球桿和顔色液體去對付白人優越主義者[79]。《堪薩斯城明星報(英语:The Kansas City Star)》稱,當地警方在2017年9月要求擁槍者(包括安提法參與者和極右民兵組織3%的人)除下彈藥[80]。
2017年4月,有人以直接行动联盟(Direct Action Alliance)和俄勒冈州学生赋权组织(Oregon Students Empowered)這兩個「自稱安提法團體」的名義威脅說,若姆尔特诺默县的共和党在當地參與第82屆玫瑰大道游行,那麼游行將會受到武力中斷。游行組織者收到了一封匿名電郵,當中寫道:「你也看到了我们在區內勢力有多大。即使是警察,也无法阻止我们封路,所以请你明智地考虑一下你的决定」。上述兩個組織皆否認跟這封電郵有關。最後組織者建基於安全上的考慮,只好取消游行[94][95]。
新聞學兼政治科學系教授彼得·贝纳特(英语:Peter Beinart)寫道:「安提法相信他們是在反抗威權主義。大多參與者反對中央集權的理念。但安提法分子以保护弱势之名,來授权自己決定哪些美國人可以公開集會與否。這種權威並沒有建立在民主的基礎上……那些阻止共和党人在波特兰街头安全集会的人,可能认为自己是在反對美国右翼內日益壯大的威權傾向……但事实上,他们最不可能成為反對威權者的盟友。」[11]A·M·吉特利茨(A. M. Gittlitz)和娜塔莎·伦纳德(Natasha Lennard)[7][60]反對乔姆斯基等人的觀點。他們分別以2017年夏洛蒂鎮事件和2018年3月理查德·B·斯宾塞(英语:Richard B. Spencer)暂停大学之旅作例子[125][126],指上述事件為「一場勝利」 [123]、「一針見血地反驳了安提法為『送給右派的一份大禮物』的說法」[127][128]。
^LaFree, Gary. Is Antifa a Terrorist Group?. Society. 2018, 55 (3): 248–252. ISSN 1936-4725. doi:10.1007/s12115-018-0246-x. In general, antifa falls on the less structured side of this continuum. It is not a highly organized entity. It has not persisted over time. There is little evidence of a chain of command or a stable leadership structure. To this point in time antifa seems to be more of a movement than a group.
^ 4.04.14.24.3Klein, Adam. From Twitter to Charlottesville: Analyzing the Fighting Words Between the Alt-Right and Antifa. International Journal of Communication. 2019, 13: 22 [2020-11-19]. ISSN 1932-8036. (原始内容存档于2020-06-12). This present climate of partisan tribalism has given rise to new actors and factions representing the far ends of the political spectrum. [...] On the far left, Antifa represents a fast-growing crusade designed to confront all forms of fascism, principally the aforementioned groups but also, at times, law enforcement. Antifa has no single spokesperson but rather presents its movement as a collective of nameless vigilantes, typically outfitted in concealing masks and black combat gear, ready for battle.
Clarke, Colin; Kenney, Michael. What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters. War on the Rocks. 2020-06-23 [2020-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-24). [...] Antifa, a highly decentralized movement of anti-racists who seek to combat neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and far-right extremists whom Antifa's followers consider 'fascist' [...].
Bray, Mark. Introduction. Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook. London: Melville House. 2017. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6. In the United States, most [antifa groups] have been anarchist or antiauthoritarian since the emergence of modern antifa under the name Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in the late eighties.
意識形態 (新聞):
Cammeron, Brenna. Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise. BBC News. 2017-08-14 [2017-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-21). Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left.
Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. 'Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right. The New York Times. 2017-08-17 [2017-09-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-06). [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.
Illing, Sean. 'They have no allegiance to liberal democracy': an expert on antifa explains the group. Vox. 2017-08-25 [2017-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-28). For the most part, these are pan-leftist groups composed of leftists of different stripes. They all seem to have different views of what they think the ideal social order looks like. Some of them are Marxists, some are Leninists, some are social democrats or anarchists.
Lozada, Carlos. The history, theory and contradictions of antifa. The Washington Post. 2017-09-01 [2017-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-01). And its politics are not just negatory — they also aim to adapt "preexisting socialist, anarchist, and communist currents to a sudden need to react to the fascist menace.
Beinart, Peter. The Rise of the Violent Left. The Atalntic. 2017-09-06 [2017-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-13). Trump's rise has also bred a new sympathy for antifa among some on the mainstream left. 'Suddenly,' noted the antifa-aligned journal It's Going Down, 'anarchists and antifa, who have been demonized and sidelined by the wider Left have been hearing from liberals and Leftists, 'you've been right all along.' An article in The Nation argued that 'to call Trumpism fascist' is to realize that it is 'not well combated or contained by standard liberal appeals to reason.' The radical left, it said, offers 'practical and serious responses in this political moment.
What is Antifa?. Al Jazeera. 2020-06-01 [2020-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-02). Anti-fascists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists.
^ 14.014.114.2Bray, Mark. Introduction. Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook. London: Melville House. 2017. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6. In the United States, most [antifa groups] have been anarchist or antiauthoritarian since the emergence of modern antifa under the name Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in the late eighties.
Beinart, Peter. What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa. The Atlantic. 2017-08-16 [2020-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-21). As I argued in my essay, some of their tactics are genuinely troubling. They're troubling tactically because conservatives use antifa's violence to justify—or at least distract from—the violence of white supremacists, as Trump did in his press conference. They're troubling strategically because they allow white supremacists to depict themselves as victims being denied the right to freely assemble. And they're troubling morally because antifa activists really do infringe upon that right.
Friedersdorf, Conor. Distinguishing Between Antifa, the KKK, and Black Lives Matter. The Atlantic. 2017-08-31 [2020-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-12). Antifa is more complicated. Some of its members employ the objectionable means of initiating extralegal street violence; but its stated end of resisting fascism is laudable, while its actual end is contested. Is it really just about resisting fascists or does it have a greater, less defensible agenda? Many debates about Antifa that play out on social media would prove less divisive if the parties understood themselves to be agreeing that opposing fascism is laudable while disagreeing about Antifa's means, or whether its end is really that limited.
^ 27.027.127.2Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil. Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests. The New York Times. 2020-06-11 [2020-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-13). Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.
^Cammeron, Brenna. Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise. BBC News. 2017-08-14 [2017-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-21). Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left.
^Perliger, Lauren R.; Shapiro, Arie. Terrorism: Domestic. Maras, Marie-Helen; Sweeney, Matthew M. (编). Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management. New York: Springer International Publishing: 1–9. 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-69891-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_250-1. [...] Antifa, a far-left anti-fascist movement. [...] The American Far Left includes 'groups or individuals that embrace anticapitalist, Communist, or Socialist doctrines and [seek] to bring about change through violent revolution' (Department of Homeland Security 2009, p. 6).
^Alizadeh, Meysam; Weber, Ingmar; Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Fortunato, Santo; Macy, Michael. Psychology and morality of political extremists: evidence from Twitter language analysis of alt-right and Antifa. EPJ Data Science. 2019, 8 (1): 17. ISSN 2193-1127. doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-019-0193-9. [...] during 2016 and 2017, far-left movements in the U.S. such as Antifa were actively engaging in violent actions attacking alt-right demonstrators [...]. While the antifascist movements seemed to be disappeared with the end of WWII, they are on rise in the United States and Europe, in part due to the growth of neo-Nazism (LaFree, Arlow).
^Campos, Robert; Carroll, Jeremy; Guyen, Vicky; Jaworski, Jonathan; Jewett, Chris; Rutanashoodech, Tony. An Inside Look at the Antifa Movement. KNTV. 2017-09-27 [2017-10-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-14). NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters [...].
^Vysotsky, Stanislav. American Antifa: The Tactics, Culture, and Practice of Militant Antifascism. London: Routledge. 2020. ISBN 978-0-429-26517-4. doi:10.4324/9780429265174. Since the election of President Trump and the rise in racism and white supremacist activity, the militant anti-fascist movement known as antifa has become increasingly active and high profile in the United States.
^ 53.053.153.2Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. 'Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right. The New York Times. 2017-08-17 [2017-09-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-06). [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.
^Cannistraro, Philip V. Luigi Antonini and the Italian Anti-Fascist Movement in the United States, 1940–1943. Journal of American Ethnic History. 1985, 5 (1): 21–40. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27500414.
^Snyders, Matt. Skinheads at Forty. City Pages. 2008-02-20 [2012-07-29]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-03).参数|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=) (帮助)
^Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Garcia, Sandra E. What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?. The New York Times. 2020-09-28 [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-24). One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.
^Flood, Alison. Antifa: the Anti-fascist Handbook. The Guardian. 2017-08-22 [2017-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-04). What Trump said made the book seem even more urgent. Rushed into print after the US president said there were 'fine people on both sides' of the Charlottesville clashes, Mark Bray's guide provides tactics for those hoping to 'defeat the resurgent far right.'
^Coppins, McKay. The far right's day in Boston. The Atlantic. 2017-08-19 [2017-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-31).参数|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=) (帮助)
^Cole, Mike. Trump, the Alt-Right and Public Pedagogies of Hate and for Fascism: What Is to Be Done?. London: Routledge. 2018: 92. ISBN 9780429883743.
^Who are Antifa?. Anti-Defamation League. 2020 [2020-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-11). Right-wing extremists have been one of the largest and most consistent sources of domestic terror incidents in the United States for many years; they have murdered hundreds of people in this country over the last ten years alone. To date, there has been one suspected antifa-related murder, which took place on August 29, 2020, in Portland, Oregon.
^ 133.0133.1Meyer, Josh. FBI, Homeland Security warn of more 'antifa' attacks. Politico. 2017-09-01 [2017-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-01). Federal authorities have been warning state and local officials since early 2016 that leftist extremists known as 'antifa' had become increasingly confrontational and dangerous, so much so that the Department of Homeland Security formally classified their activities as 'domestic terrorist violence', according to interviews and confidential law enforcement documents obtained by POLITICO.
^Beauchamp, Zack. Antifa, explained. Vox. June 8, 2020 [2020-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11). Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization.
^Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie. Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group. The New York Times. 2020-05-31 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-02). First, antifa is not an organization. It does not have a leader, membership roles or any defined, centralized structure. Rather, it is a vaguely defined movement of people who share common protest tactics and targets. More important, even if antifa were a real organization, the laws that permit the federal government to deem entities terrorists and impose sanctions on them are limited to foreign groups. There is no domestic terrorism law, despite periodic proposals to create one.
^Beauchamp, Zack. Antifa, explained. Vox. 2020-06-08 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11). Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization. He cannot do this legally: The federal government maintains a list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) [...]. There is no such thing as a domestic terrorism designation, and it would require an act by Congress to create one. The president's proposal is, legally speaking, impossible.
^Alemany, Jacqueline; Klemko, Robert; Zapotosky, Matt. In Trump's campaign against antifa, observers see an attempt to distract from protesters' genuine outrage. The Washington Post. 2020-05-31 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-13). Trump cannot, for practical and legal reasons, formally designate antifa a terrorist organization [...]. Although Trump vowed Sunday to designate antifa a terrorist organization, legal observers say it is impossible for him to do so with any domestic group.
^As Trump Blames Antifa, Protest Records Show Scant Evidence. Associated Press. 2020-06-06 [2020-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-09) –通过Voice of America. The Associated Press analyzed court records, employment histories, social media posts and other sources of information for 217 people arrested last weekend [...] only a handful appeared to have any affiliation with organized groups. [...] Social media posts indicate only a few of those arrested are left-leaning activists, including a self-described anarchist. But others had indications of being on the political right, including some Trump supporters.
^Bharath, Deepa. As Nov. 3 election draws near, fears mount of escalating street violence. The Orange County Register. 2020-09-07 [2020-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-17). 'The Portland incident is an outlier but also a bellwether,' he said. 'Once violence becomes more normalized, it doesn't go back in the shell.' [...] 'You have a perfect storm in this country with a polarized population, a presidential election, a global pandemic that is frustrating and devastating people, and disinformation and conspiracy theories spreading on social media,' he said.
^Maldonado, Alessandra. Antifa '#PunchWhiteWomen' campaign revealed as 4Chan hoax. Salon. 2017-08-24 [2017-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-31). Reportedly, 'alt-right' activists have been using masked Twitter accounts and doctored photos of battered women to run a smear campaign against the antifa movement
Coale, Robert S. From Antifascistas to PAF: Lexical and Political Interpretations of American International Brigaders in Spain during the Second World War. García, Hugo (编). Rethinking Antifascism: History, Memory and Politics, 1922 to the Present. New York: Berghahn Books. 2016: 187–199. ISBN 978-1-78533-139-8.