伊万 (建筑)

16世紀波斯風格的波伊卡楊伊斯蘭教學校的伊萬，位於烏茲別克的布哈拉

泰姬陵的伊万

希克斯罗图福拉清真寺

伊万（波斯語：ایوان‎，拉丁转写：eyvān；阿拉伯语：إيوان‎；Iwan、ivan；土耳其语：eyvan[1][2]）是波斯和伊斯兰建筑中常见的一种长方形、带有拱顶的空间，三面围墙，一面开放。它由波斯人发明，3世纪时在帕提亚帝国治下达到成熟。在波斯语中伊万的入口門面又称“皮西塔克”（pishtaq）。其上常绘有繁复的几何花纹和伊斯兰书法[3][4]。伊万的大小和形状并不完全固定。

参考文献

1. Wright (1992), p. 508
2. Boas (2010), p. 366
3. Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Pishtaq （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） archnet.org.
4. Pishtaq （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Britannica.

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• Boas, Adrian J. Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States. Brill. 2010. ISBN 978-90-04-18272-1. 
• Curatola, Giovanni; Scarcia, Gianroberto. The Art and Architecture of Persia. Translated by Marguerite Shore. London: Abbeville Press. 2004. 
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• Farrokh, Kaveh. Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war. Osprey Publishing. 2007. ISBN 1-84603-108-7. 
• Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Dewachter, Michel. Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition. The Complete Archaeological Plates from La Description de l'Egypte. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press. 1987. ISBN 9780910413213. 
• Godard, André. L'origine de la Madrasa, de la Mosquée et du Caravansérail Àquartre Iwans. Ars Islamica. 1951, 15. 
• Keall, Edward J. Some thoughts on the early iwan. Dickran Kouymjian (编). Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy, and History, Studies in Honor of George C. Miles. Beirut: American University of Beirut. 1974: 123–130. 
• Kurz, Otto. The Date of the Ṭāq i Kisrā. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1941, 73 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00093138. 
• Najm, Ra'ef. Islamic architectural character of Jerusalem: with special description of the al-Aqṣā and the Dome of the Rock. Islamic Studies. 2001, 40 (3): 721–734. JSTOR 20837154. 
• Rabbat, Nasser O. The Citadel of Cairo: a New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Geneva: AKTC. 1989. 
• Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0714114316
• Reade, Julian. Christopher Scarre , 编. The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built. Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-05096-1. 
• Sitwell, Sacheverell. Arabesque and Honeycomb. Robert Hale. 1957. 
• Smith, W. Stevenson; Simpson, William Kelly. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Pelican history of art 14. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1998. ISBN 9780300077476. 
• Upton, Joseph M. The Expedition to Ctesiphon, 1931–1932 (PDF). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 1932, 27 (8): 188–197 [2018-11-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-02-23）. 
• Warren, John; Fethi, Ihsan. Traditional Houses in Baghdad. Coach Publishing House. 1982. ISBN 9780902608016. 
• Wright, G. R. H. Ancient building in Cyprus. Brill. 1992. ISBN 90-04-09547-0. 

外部连接

• Oxford Art Online on Iwans（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Columbia’s Archive of Islamic Architecture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Columbia’s Archive of Ancient Architecture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• UCSJ Tutorial on Islamic Architecture
• Sheila Blair’s Islamic Arts