Xylocopa iris
Пчёлы-плотники [ 1] , или ксилоко́пы , или древогнёзды [ 2] (лат. Xylocopa ) — крупные одиночные пчёлы , распространённые по всему миру. Их легко отличить от других пчел и шмелей по тёмно-фиолетовому блестящему, преимущественно безволосому телу и такого же цвета крыльям.
Описание
Существует свыше 500 видов пчёл-плотников, объединённых в 31 подрод[ 3] . Название пчёл-плотников происходит из того факта, что они строят свои гнёзда в норах, сделанных в мёртвой древесине, бамбуке или постройках (исключая представителей подрода Proxylocopa , гнездящихся в земле).
Представителей близкородственной трибы Ceratinini иногда называют «малые пчёлы-плотники».
Виды Европы
Ископаемые виды:
Галерея
Классификация
Описано около 500 видов[ 3] .
Xylocopa abbotti (Cockerell, 1909)
Xylocopa abbreviata Hurd & Moure, 1963
Xylocopa acutipennis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa adumbrata Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa adusta Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa aeneipennis (DeGeer, 1773)
Xylocopa aerata (Smith, 1851)
Xylocopa aestuans (Linnaeus , 1758)
Xylocopa aethiopica Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa africana (Fabricius , 1781)
Xylocopa albiceps Fabricius, 1804
Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa albinotum Matsumura, 1926
Xylocopa alternata Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919)
Xylocopa amamensis Sonan, 1934
Xylocopa amauroptera Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa amazonica Enderlein, 1913
Xylocopa amedaei Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius, 1793)
Xylocopa andarabana Hedicke, 1938
Xylocopa andica Enderlein, 1913
Xylocopa angulosa Maa, 1954
Xylocopa anthophoroides Smith, 1874
Xylocopa apicalis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa appendiculata Smith, 1852
Xylocopa artifex Smith, 1874
Xylocopa aruana Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa assimilis Ritsema, 1880
Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa auripennis Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa aurorea Friese , 1922
Xylocopa aurulenta (Fabricius, 1804)
Xylocopa bakeriana (Cockerell, 1914)
Xylocopa balteata Maa, 1943
Xylocopa bambusae Schrottky, 1902
Xylocopa bangkaensis Friese, 1903
Xylocopa barbatella Cockerell, 1931
Xylocopa bariwal Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa basalis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa bentoni Cockerell, 1919
Xylocopa bequaerti (Cockerell, 1930)
Xylocopa bhowara Maa, 1938
Xylocopa biangulata Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa bicarinata Alfken, 1932
Xylocopa bicristata Maa, 1954
Xylocopa bilineata Friese, 1914
Xylocopa bimaculata Friese, 1903
Xylocopa binongkona van der Vecht, 1953
Xylocopa bluethgeni Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa bombiformis Smith, 1874
Xylocopa bomboides Smith, 1879
Xylocopa bombylans (Fabricius, 1775)
Xylocopa boops Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa bouyssoui Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa brasilianorum (Linnaeus , 1767)
Xylocopa braunsi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa bruesi Cockerell, 1914
Xylocopa bryorum (Fabricius, 1775)
Xylocopa buginesica Vecht, 1953
Xylocopa buruana Lieftinck, 1956
Xylocopa caerulea (Fabricius, 1804)
Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus , 1767)
Xylocopa calcarata (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa calens Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa californica Cresson, 1864
Xylocopa caloptera Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa canaria (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa capensis Spinola, 1838
Xylocopa capitata Smith, 1854
Xylocopa carbonaria Smith, 1854
Xylocopa caribea Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa caspari van der Vecht, 1953
Xylocopa caviventris Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1911
Xylocopa ceballosi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa celebensis (Gribodo, 1894)
Xylocopa chapini (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa chinensis Friese, 1911
Xylocopa chiyakensis (Cockerell, 1908)
Xylocopa chlorina (Cockerell, 1915)
Xylocopa chrysopoda Schrottky, 1902
Xylocopa chrysoptera Latreille, 1809
Xylocopa ciliata Burmeister, 1876
Xylocopa citrina Friese, 1909
Xylocopa clarionensis Hurd, 1958
Xylocopa claripennis Friese, 1922
Xylocopa cloti Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa cockerelli Maa, 1943
Xylocopa codinai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa colona Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa columbiensis Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa combinata Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa combusta Smith, 1854
Xylocopa concolorata Maa, 1938
Xylocopa conradsiana Friese, 1911
Xylocopa coracina van der Vecht, 1953
Xylocopa cornigera Friese, 1909
Xylocopa coronata Smith, 1861
Xylocopa cribrata Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa cubaecola Lucas, 1857
Xylocopa cuernosensis (Cockerell, 1915)
Xylocopa cyanea Smith, 1874
Xylocopa cyanescens Brullé, 1832
Xylocopa dalbertisi Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa dapitanensis (Cockerell, 1915)
Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, 1926
Xylocopa dejeanii Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa dibongoana Hedicke, 1923
Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809
Xylocopa disconota Friese, 1914
Xylocopa distinguenda Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa ditypa Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa diversipes Smith, 1861
Xylocopa dolosa Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa dormeyeri (Enderlein, 1909)
Xylocopa duala Strand, 1921
Xylocopa electa Smith, 1874
Xylocopa elegans Hurd & Moure, 1963
Xylocopa erlangeri Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo, 1894
Xylocopa escalerai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa esica Cameron, 1902
Xylocopa euchlora Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa euxantha Cockerell, 1933
Xylocopa eximia Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa fabriciana Moure, 1960
Xylocopa fallax Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798)
Xylocopa fervens Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa fimbriata Fabricius, 1804
Xylocopa flavicollis (DeGeer, 1778)
Xylocopa flavifrons Matsumura, 1912
Xylocopa flavonigrescens Smith, 1854
Xylocopa flavorufa (DeGeer, 1778)
Xylocopa forbesii W. F. Kirby, 1883
Xylocopa forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa fortissima Cockerell, 1930
Xylocopa fransseni van der Vecht, 1953
Xylocopa friesiana Maa, 1939
Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier, 1789)
Xylocopa fuliginata Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa fulva Friese, 1922
Xylocopa funesta Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa fuscata Smith, 1854
Xylocopa gabonica (Gribodo, 1894)
Xylocopa ganglbaueri Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa gaullei Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa ghilianii Gribodo, 1891
Xylocopa gracilis Dusmet y Alonso, 1923
Xylocopa graueri Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa gressitti Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa gribodoi Magretti, 1892
Xylocopa grisescens Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa grossa (Drury, 1770)
Xylocopa grubaueri Friese, 1903
Xylocopa gualanensis Cockerell, 1912
Xylocopa guatemalensis Cockerell, 1912
Xylocopa guigliae Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa haefligeri Friese, 1909
Xylocopa haematospila Moure, 1951
Xylocopa hafizii Maa, 1938
Xylocopa hellenica Spinola, 1843
Xylocopa hirsutissima Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854
Xylocopa hyalinipennis Friese, 1922
Xylocopa ignescens (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa imitator Smith, 1854
Xylocopa incandescens (Cockerell, 1932)
Xylocopa incerta Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa incompleta Ritsema, 1880
Xylocopa inconspicua Maa, 1937
Xylocopa inconstans Smith, 1874
Xylocopa inquirenda Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa insola Vachal, 1910
Xylocopa insularis Smith, 1857
Xylocopa io Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa iranica Maa, 1954
Xylocopa iridipennis Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791)
Xylocopa isabelleae Hurd, 1959
Xylocopa javana Friese, 1914
Xylocopa kamerunensis Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa karnyi Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa kerri (Cockerell, 1929)
Xylocopa kuehni Friese, 1903
Xylocopa lachnea Moure, 1951
Xylocopa lanata Smith, 1854
Xylocopa langi (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa lateralis Say, 1837
Xylocopa lateritia Smith, 1854
Xylocopa laticeps
Xylocopa latipes (Drury, 1773)
Xylocopa lautipennis (Cockerell, 1933)
Xylocopa lehmanni Friese, 1903
Xylocopa lepeletieri Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa leucocephala Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa leucothoracoides Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa levequeae Maa, 1943
Xylocopa lieftincki Leys, 2000
Xylocopa lombokensis Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa longespinosa Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa longula Friese, 1922
Xylocopa loripes Smith, 1874
Xylocopa lucbanensis (Cockerell, 1927)
Xylocopa lucida Smith, 1874
Xylocopa lugubris Gerstäcker, 1857
Xylocopa lundqvisti Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa luteola Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa madida Friese, 1925
Xylocopa madurensis Friese, 1913
Xylocopa maesoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa magnifica (Cockerell, 1929)
Xylocopa maidli Maa, 1940
Xylocopa maior Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa marginella Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa mastrucata Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa mazarredoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa mcgregori Cockerell, 1920
Xylocopa mckeani (Cockerell, 1929)
Xylocopa meadewaldoi Hurd, 1959
Xylocopa mendozana Enderlein, 1913
Xylocopa merceti Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa metallica Smith, 1874
Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell, 1912
Xylocopa meyeri Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa micans Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa micheneri Hurd, 1978
Xylocopa mimetica Cockerell, 1915
Xylocopa minor Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd & Moure, 1963
Xylocopa mixta Radoszkowski, 1881
Xylocopa modesta Smith, 1854
Xylocopa mohnikei Cockerell, 1907
Xylocopa mongolicus (Wu, 1983)
Xylocopa montana Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa mordax Smith, 1874
Xylocopa morotaiana Lieftinck, 1956
Xylocopa muscaria (Fabricius, 1775)
Xylocopa myops Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa nasalis Westwood, 1842
Xylocopa nasica Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa nautlana Cockerell, 1904
Xylocopa negligenda Maa, 1939
Xylocopa nigrella Hurd, 1959
Xylocopa nigrescens Friese, 1901
Xylocopa nigricans Vachal, 1910
Xylocopa nigricaula (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa nigripes Friese, 1915
Xylocopa nigrita (Fabricius, 1775)
Xylocopa nigrocaerulea Smith, 1874
Xylocopa nigrocaudata Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa nigrocincta Smith, 1854
Xylocopa nigroclypeata Rayment, 1935
Xylocopa nigroplagiata Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa nigrotarsata Maa, 1938
Xylocopa nitidiventris Smith, 1878
Xylocopa nix (Maa, 1954)
Xylocopa nobilis Smith, 1859
Xylocopa nogueirai Hurd & Moure, 1960
Xylocopa nyassica Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa oblonga Smith, 1874
Xylocopa obscurata Smith, 1854
Xylocopa obscuritarsis Friese, 1922
Xylocopa occipitalis Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa ocellaris Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa ocularis Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1932
Xylocopa olivacea (Fabricius, 1778)
Xylocopa olivieri Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa ordinaria Smith, 1874
Xylocopa ornata Smith, 1874
Xylocopa orthogonaspis Moure, 2003
Xylocopa orthosiphonis (Cockerell, 1908)
Xylocopa pallidiscopa Hurd, 1961
Xylocopa parviceps Morawitz, 1895
Xylocopa parvula Rayment, 1935
Xylocopa perforator Smith, 1861
Xylocopa perkinsi Cameron, 1901
Xylocopa perpunctata (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa peruana Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa perversa Wiedemann, 1824
Xylocopa pervirescens Cockerell, 1931
Xylocopa phalothorax Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa philippinensis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa pilosa Friese, 1922
Xylocopa plagioxantha Lieftinck, 1964
Xylocopa praeusta Smith, 1854
Xylocopa prashadi Maa, 1938
Xylocopa preussi Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa provida Smith, 1863
Xylocopa proximata Maa, 1938
Xylocopa przewalskyi Morawitz, 1886
Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa pseudoviolacea Popov, 1947
Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1838
Xylocopa pulchra Smith, 1874
Xylocopa punctifrons Cockerell, 1917
Xylocopa punctigena Maa, 1938
Xylocopa punctilabris Morawitz, 1894
Xylocopa pusulata Vachal, 1910
Xylocopa ramakrishnai Maa, 1938
Xylocopa rejecta Vachal, 1910
Xylocopa remota Maa, 1938
Xylocopa rogenhoferi Friese, 1900
Xylocopa rotundiceps Smith, 1874
Xylocopa rufa Friese, 1901
Xylocopa ruficeps Friese, 1910
Xylocopa ruficollis Hurd & Moure, 1963
Xylocopa ruficornis Fabricius, 1804
Xylocopa rufidorsum Enderlein, 1913
Xylocopa rufipes Smith, 1852
Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa rutilans Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa samarensis (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
Xylocopa sarawatica Engel, 2017 [ 5]
Xylocopa schoana Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa scioensis Gribodo, 1884
Xylocopa senex Friese, 1909
Xylocopa senior Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa shelfordi Cameron, 1902
Xylocopa sicheli Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa signata Morawitz, 1875
Xylocopa similis Smith, 1874
Xylocopa simillima Smith, 1854
Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983)
Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa smithii Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa sogdiana Popov & Ponomareva, 1961
Xylocopa somalica Magretti, 1895
Xylocopa sonorina Smith , 1874
Xylocopa sphinx Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa splendidula Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa stadelmanni ] Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa stanleyi (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa steindachneri Maidl, 1912
Xylocopa strandi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
Xylocopa subcombusta (LeVeque, 1928)
Xylocopa subcyanea Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa subjuncta Vachal, 1898
Xylocopa subvirescens Cresson, 1879
Xylocopa subvolatilis (Cockerell, 1918)
Xylocopa subzonata Moure, 1949
Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa, 1970
Xylocopa sulcifrons Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa suspecta Moure & Camargo, 1988
Xylocopa suspiciosa Vachal, 1899
Xylocopa sycophanta Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa tacanensis Moure, 1949
Xylocopa tambelanensis (Cockerell, 1926)
Xylocopa tanganyikae Strand, 1911
Xylocopa tayabanica Cockerell, 1930
Xylocopa tegulata Friese, 1911
Xylocopa tenkeana Cockerell, 1933
Xylocopa tenuata Smith, 1874
Xylocopa tenuiscapa Westwood, 1840
Xylocopa teredo Guilding, 1825
Xylocopa tesselata Maa, 1970
Xylocopa thoracica Friese, 1903
Xylocopa togoensis Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa torrida (Westwood, 1838)
Xylocopa tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1804)
Xylocopa tranquebarorum (Swederus, 1787)
Xylocopa transitoria Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa tricolor Ritsema, 1876
Xylocopa trifasciata Gribodo, 1891
Xylocopa trochanterica Vachal, 1910
Xylocopa truxali Hurd & Moure, 1963
Xylocopa tumida Friese, 1903
Xylocopa tumorifera Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa turanica Morawitz, 1875
Xylocopa uclesiensis Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa unicolor Smith, 1861
Xylocopa ustulata Smith, 1854
Xylocopa vachali Pérez, 1901
Xylocopa valga Gerstäcker, 1872
Xylocopa varentzowi Morawitz, 1895
Xylocopa varians Smith, 1874
Xylocopa varipes Smith, 1854
Xylocopa velutina Lieftinck, 1957
Xylocopa versicolor Alfken, 1930
Xylocopa vestita Hurd & Moure, 1963
Xylocopa villosa Friese, 1909
Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus , 1758)
Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus , 1771)
Xylocopa viridigastra Lepeletier, 1841
Xylocopa viridis Smith, 1854
Xylocopa vittata Enderlein, 1903
Xylocopa vogtiana Enderlein, 1913
Xylocopa volatilis Smith, 1861
Xylocopa vulpina Alfken, 1930
Xylocopa waterhousei Leys, 2000
Xylocopa watmoughi Eardley, 1983
Xylocopa wellmani Cockerell, 1906
Xylocopa wilmattae Cockerell, 1912
Xylocopa xanti Mocsáry, 1883
Xylocopa yunnanensis Wu, 1982
Xylocopa zonata Alfken, 1930
Примечания
↑ Горностаев Г. Н. Насекомые СССР. — М. : Мысль, 1970. — 372 с. — (Справочники-определители географа и путешественника).
↑ Древогнезды // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб. , 1890—1907.
↑ 1 2 Minckley, R.L. 1998. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas 9:1—47
↑ Geier, C., Engel, M.S., Bouchal, J.M. et al. The earliest large carpenter bee (Xylocopa ) and its adhering pollen (Araliaceae, Theaceae). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-024-00604-7
↑ Engel, M.S.; Alqarni, A.S.; Shebl, M.A.; Iqbal, J.; Hinojosa-Diaz, I.A. (2017). "A new species of the carpenter bee genus Xylocopa from the Sarawat Mountains in southwestern Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)" . ZooKeys (716): 29—41. doi :10.3897/zookeys.716.21150 . PMC 5740427 . PMID 29290706 . Архивировано 6 мая 2020 . Дата обращения: 30 апреля 2020 . {{cite journal }}
: Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (не помеченный открытым DOI) (ссылка )
Литература
Germán Villamizar, Fernando Fernández, Felipe Vivallo. 2020. Synopsis of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Schonnherria ) Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Colombia, with designation of lectotypes and the description of two new species. Zootaxa Vol 4789, No 2: 301—347. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4789.2.2
Hurd P.D. Jr. (1956) Notes on the subgenera of the New World carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). American Museum Novitates, 1776, 1‒7.
Hurd P.D. Jr. (1959) Some nomenclatorial problems in the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). The Pan-Pacific entomologist, 35, 135‒148.
Hurd P.D. Jr. (1978) An Annotated Catalog of the Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 106 pp.
Hurd P.D. Jr. & Moure, J.S. (1961) Systematics of the carpenter bee types (genus Xylocopa Latreille) contained in the collections of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales «Bernardino Rivadavia» (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 34, 181—195.
Hurd P.D. Jr. & Moure, J.S. (1963) A classification of the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology 29. University of California Press, Berkeley, 365 pp.
Ссылки
Ссылки на внешние ресурсы
Таксономия В библиографических каталогах