^ abcdefghijPavek, Diane S.. “Carnegiea gigantea”. US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). June 22, 2024閲覧。
^MacDougal, Daniel T. (September–October 1926). “Growth and Penetrability of Century-Old Cells”. The American Naturalist60 (670): 411. doi:10.1086/280113.
^ abBronson, Dustin R.; English, Nathan B.; Dettman, David L.; Williams, David G. (August 6, 2011). “Seasonal photosynthetic gas exchange and water-use efficiency in a constitutive CAM plant, the giant saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)” (英語). Oecologia167 (3): 861–871. Bibcode: 2011Oecol.167..861B. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2021-1. ISSN1432-1939. PMID21822726.
^English, N. B.; Dettman, D. L.; Sandquist, D. R.; Williams, D. G. (2007). “Past climate changes and ecophysiological responses recorded in the isotope ratios of saguaro cactus spines”. Oecologia154 (2): 247–258. Bibcode: 2007Oecol.154..247E. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0832-x. PMID17724618.
^Jansen, Brian D.; Krausman, Paul R.; Heffelfinger, James R.; Jr, James C. deVos (March 24, 2005). “Saguaro Spine Penetrated Bighorn Sheep Skull”. The Southwestern Naturalist50 (4): 513–515. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050[0513:SSPBSS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN0038-4909.
^Renzi, Julianna (2019). “A decade of flowering phenology of the keystone saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)”. American Journal of Botany106 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1231. PMID30791093.
^Drezner, Taly D.; Garrity, Colleen M. (November 1, 2003). “Saguaro Distribution under Nurse Plants in Arizona's Sonoran Desert: Directional and Microclimate Influences”. The Professional Geographer55 (4): 505–512. Bibcode: 2003ProfG..55..505D. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.5504008. ISSN0033-0124.
^Niethammer, Carolyn (1974). American Indian Food and Lore. New York: A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company. p. 27. ISBN0-02-010000-0
^Sanderson, Michael J.; Copetti, Dario; Búrquez, Alberto; Bustamante, Enriquena; Charboneau, Joseph L. M.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Kumar, Sudhir; Lee, Hyun Oh et al. (July 1, 2015). “Exceptional reduction of the plastid genome of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea): Loss of the ndh gene suite and inverted repeat” (英語). American Journal of Botany102 (7): 1115–1127. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500184. hdl:2286/R.I.35789. ISSN0002-9122. PMID26199368.
^Spence, Mary Lee (1984). The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont, vol 3, Travels from 1848 to 1854. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN978-0252004162
^ abLittle, Elbert L. (1994). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 562. ISBN0394507614
^Mark Elbroch; Eleanor Marie Marks; C. Diane Boretos (2001). Bird tracks and sign. Stackpole Books. p. 311. ISBN0811726967. https://books.google.com/books?id=1avqcmYRwrcC. "Cavities in saguaro cactuses in the Southwest are common. Both gilded flickers and Gila woodpeckers make these cavities for nesting, but they often choose different locations on the cactus."
^“Gila Woodpecker”. Nature Conservancy. December 15, 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。October 28, 2011閲覧。 “Although they do not use them immediately, waiting first for the sap to harden, Gila Woodpeckers excavate cavities in cacti and trees as nesting sites.”
^Mark Elbroch; Eleanor Marie Marks; C. Diane Boretos (2001). Bird tracks and sign. Stackpole Books. p. 311. ISBN0811726967. https://books.google.com/books?id=1avqcmYRwrcC. "Cavities in saguaro cactuses in the Southwest are common. Both gilded flickers and Gila woodpeckers make these cavities for nesting, but they often choose different locations on the cactus. The stouter bills of the gilded flickers allow them to cut cavities through the wooden ribs near the top of the cactus where the ribs converge. Gila woodpeckers stay at midlevel on the cactus where the ribs are separated enough to cut a cavity between them. Cavities in saguaros are cut out by these birds the year before they are inhabited. The excavated cactus secretes a fluid that hardens into a scab, thus preventing water loss, which could kill the cactus, as well as waterproofing the inside of the nest cavity."
^“Gila woodpecker”. Nature Conservancy. May 2, 2010時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。January 24, 2011閲覧。 “Although they do not use them immediately, waiting first for the sap to harden, Gila woodpeckers excavate cavities in cacti and trees as nesting sites. Females typically lay two broods a year of three to five eggs, which incubate for 14 days. Once abandoned, the cavities are occupied by reptiles, rodents, and small birds like kestrels, elf owls, flycatchers, and wrens. In the desert, the woodpeckers perform the important ecological function of removing unhealthy flesh from the saguaro cactus. Some insects on which it feeds carry diseases, harmless to the bird, which damages the cactus and leaves discolorations. The marks signal larvae to the bird, and as it excavates the insects, it also cuts away the diseased tissue. As the sap hardens, the cactus is healed, and the excavation becomes a convenient nesting site.”
^Snyder, Stephanie (2010年). “Safety of native plants protected under Arizona law”. ASU.edu. Chevas Samuels, McKenzie Manning, Stephanie Snyder. October 14, 2018時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。July 2, 2017閲覧。 “"While damaging a cactus in Arizona will not warrant the rumored possibility of 25 years in prison, it is still considered a class four felony."”
^Hauser, A. Scott (1993年). “Pennisetum ciliare”. US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). October 2, 2019閲覧。
^A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Edited by Steven J Phillips and Patricia Comus, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000, p. 193
Benson, L. (1981). The Cacti of Arizona. University of Arizona Press. ISBN0816505098.
Drezner TD (2005) Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) growth rate over its American range and the link to summer precipitation. Southwest Nat 50:65–68.
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