Yuanshuai

For the Chinese actor, see Yuan Shuai (actor).
Yuanshuai
元帅
元帥
Shoulder boards for the PLA rank yuan shuai (marshal), modelled after those of the marshal of the Soviet Union
Country China
Service branch People's Liberation Army Ground Force
Abolished1965
Next higher rankDayuanshuai ("Grand Marshal")
Next lower rankDajiang ("Grand General")

Yuanshuai (simplified Chinese: 元帅; traditional Chinese: 元帥; pinyin: Yuánshuài) was a Chinese military rank that corresponds to a marshal in other nations.[1] It was given to distinguished generals during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank of Dayuanshuai (simplified Chinese: 大元帅; traditional Chinese: 大元帥; pinyin: Dà Yuánshuài; lit. 'Grand Marshal'), which corresponds to generalissimo was awarded to Chiang Kai Shek of the Republic of China. It was also proposed for Mao Zedong on the mainland, but he ultimately never accepted it.

Song dynasty

Jin dynasty

Republic of China

People's Republic of China

The rank Marshal of the People's Republic of China (traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國元帥; simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国元帅; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Yuánshuài) was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force in 1955. However, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored.[citation needed] Five important criteria must be met to attain the rank of Marshal:

  1. The candidate must have played a leading role in the establishment of one or more Revolutionary base areas;
  2. Been a Corps Commander, equivalent or above in the Chinese Red Army;
  3. Been a Divisional Commander, equivalent or above in the Eighth Route Army or a commander of the New Fourth Army;
  4. A Field Army Commander, Area Army commander or equivalent in the Chinese Communist Revolution;
  5. Been at least a National Defence Commission Deputy Commissioner prior to receiving the rank.

In addition, Chairman Mao, upon refusing the rank of Dayuanshuai, decreed that cadres who no longer serve in the PLA should lose eligibility for military ranks. Thus, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai declined the rank upon offer. Chen Yi also initially refused the rank in accordance to Mao's decree since he now primarily worked in government rather than the PLA. However, Zhou Enlai insisted he took it,[citation needed] citing that because all of the other nine Marshals came from the Eighth Route Army, if he didn't take the rank, there would be nobody of the Marshal rank to represent the legacy of the New Fourth Army, whilst simultaneously citing Nikolai Bulganin who held the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union whilst working primarily in government as precedence. Thus, he was given an exception and was awarded the rank.[citation needed] As a result, the recipients of the rank were:

Su Yu was left out but he became the most senior of the ten Da Jiang. Many were surprised at this decision but he did not meet the first and second criterion. Seven of the ten Marshals took part in the Nanchang Uprising in various capacities with Zhou Enlai. Of the other three, Peng Dehuai led the Pingjiang Uprising. Xu Xiangqian missed out on Nanchang but participated in the subsequent Guangzhou Uprising with Ye Jianying. The other was Luo Ronghuan, who instead assisted Mao in the Autumn Harvest Uprising. Lin Biao was the youngest and Zhu De was the oldest of the ten Marshals aged 48 and 69 respectively at time of conferment. Luo Ronghuan was the first to die at age 61 in 1963 and Nie Rongzhen was the last to die aged 93 in 1992. Three of the ten Marshals were addressed by their honorific of 老总 (Lao Zong, or "Old Chief") by Chairman Mao himself due to their seniority and long service. These were Zhu De, Peng Dehuai and He Long. Chen Yi and Nie Rongzhen was sometimes also addressed as Lao Zong but not by Chairman Mao personally. One, Lin Biao, was simply addressed as 总 Zong due to his battle honours. He was not addressed as Lao Zong due to his youth and lesser seniority. He was also the only Marshal not to have died in Beijing.

See also

References

  1. ^ Stevens, Keith G. (1975). "CHIEF MARSHAL T'IEN, PATRON OF THE STAGE, OF MUSICIANS AND WRESTLERS—EAST AND SOUTH EAST CHINA". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 303–311. ISSN 0085-5774.