^Braff, Richard E. (1999). The Universal Silents: A Filmography Of the Universal Motion Picture Manufacturing Company, 1912-1929. p. 573. ISBN0-786-40287-3.
^Doyle, Billy H.; Slide, Anthony (1995). The Ultimate Directory Of the Silent Screen Performers: A Necrology Of Births and Deaths and Essays On 50 Lost Players. Scarecrow Press. p. 28. ISBN0-810-82958-4.